Einstein (1879-1955), a German-American Jew. He created the theory of relativity that represents modern science and laid the theoretical foundation for the development of nuclear energy. He created a new era of modern science in terms of modern science and technology and his profound influence and wide application. He is recognized as the greatest scientist since Galileo and Newton. thinker. Winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. The founder and founder of modern physics, the proponent of the theory of relativity - the "mass-energy relationship", the defender of the "deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics" (vibrating particles) - the God who does not play dice. On December 26, 1999, Einstein was selected as the "Great Man of the Century" by Time Magazine.
Chinese name: Albert Einstein
Foreign name: Albert Einstein
Nationality: Dual nationality of the United States and Switzerland
Nationality: Jewish
Birthplace: Ulm, Germany
Date of birth: March 14, 1879
Date of death: April 1955 August 18
Occupation: Physicist, thinker, philosopher
Graduation school: ETH Zurich, University of Zurich
Main achievements: Proposed the theory of relativity and the mass-energy equation
Explain the photoelectric effect
Promote the development of quantum mechanics
Representative works: "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", "Basics of General Relativity"
Honor: 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
Famous formula: E=mc^2
Blood type: O
Albert ·Einstein ([UK][?lb?t ?a?n?sta?n] [US][?lb?t ?a?n?sta?n]), one of the world's top ten outstanding physicists , the founder, master and founder of modern physics, and also a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. Received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich in 1905. He worked at the Patent Office in Bern and served as a university professor at the Technical University of Zurich and Deutsche Prague. Returning to Germany in 1913, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1933, while Einstein was in the UK, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) by the University of Glasgow. Due to persecution by the Nazi regime, he moved to the United States and became a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Engaged in theoretical physics research, became a U.S. citizen in 1940. Einstein was born at 135 Bahnhofstrasse in Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire, at 11:30 am on March 14, 1879. Both parents are Jewish. His father's name was Hermann Einstein, and his mother's name was Pauline. 1881 (2 years old), on November 18, Einstein's sister Maya was born in Munich. In 1884 (at the age of 5), Einstein became fascinated with pocket compasses. In 1885 (at the age of 6), Einstein began to learn violin. In 1886 (7 years old), Einstein studied at the Munich Public School (Council School); he learned Jewish rules at home. In 1888 (9 years old), Einstein entered Louisbold High School. The 5-year-old Einstein and his 3-year-old sister
continued to receive religious education at school and accepted the ordination ceremony. Friedman was the instructor. In 1889 (10 years old), under the guidance of Talmei, a medical student, he read popular scientific readings and philosophical works. In 1891 (12 years old), he studied Euclidean geometry by himself. He felt passionate about it and began to study higher mathematics by himself. Einstein began to doubt Euclid's assumptions. In 1892 (13 years old), he began to read the works of Immanuel Kant. In 1894 (15 years old), Einstein’s family moved to Italy. In 1895 (16 years old), he taught himself calculus. That same year, Einstein failed his entrance examination to the Swiss Institute of Technology (ETH by its German acronym).
In 1896 (17 years old), he obtained the diploma from Aarau High School. On October 29, Einstein moved to Zurich and studied at the Swiss Institute of Technology. On October 19, 1899 (20 years old), Einstein officially applied for Swiss citizenship. In August 1900 (21 years old), Einstein graduated from the Federal University of Technology in Zurich; in December, he completed his thesis "Inferences from Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in Leipzig the following year. The Journal of Physics was incorporated into Swiss citizenship. On March 21, 1901 (22 years old), he obtained Swiss nationality. From May to July of this year, I completed the thesis on the thermodynamic theory of electric potential difference. On June 16, 1902 (23 years old), he was employed by the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland. In 1903 (24 years old), he married his college classmate Mileva Marik. They had their first child before they got married. In September 1904 (25 years old), he was converted from a probationary employee of the Patent Office to a formal third-level technician. In March 1905 (26 years old), he published quantum theory, proposed the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April, he submitted his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich and obtained his doctorate. In May, he completed his thesis "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" and independently and completely proposed the principle of special relativity, ushering in a new era of physics. In April 1906 (27 years old), he was promoted to a second-level technician in the Patent Office. Completed the paper on the specific heat of solids in November
Einstein in life (8 photos), this is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids. In 1907 (28 years old), he was promoted to a first-level technician in the Patent Office. In October 1908 (29 years old), he served as a non-staff lecturer at the University of Bern. In October 1909 (30 years old), he left the Bern Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics. In October 1910 (31 years old), he completed his thesis on critical opalescence. In 1911 (32 years old), he moved to Prague from Switzerland. In 1912 (33 years old), he proposed the law of "photochemical equivalent". In 1913 (34 years old), he returned to Germany and served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at Humboldt University in Berlin. He was also elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In April 1914 (35 years old), Einstein accepted an invitation from the German scientific community. Moving to Berlin, World War I broke out in August. Although he lived in the birthplace of the war and lived surrounded by war advocates, he resolutely expressed his anti-war attitude. Photos of Einstein as a child
In September, Einstein participated in launching the anti-war group "New Fatherland Alliance". After this organization was declared illegal, members were arrested and persecuted in large numbers and went underground. Even now, Einstein still resolutely participated in the secret activities of this organization. In October, the German scientific and cultural circles, manipulated and instigated by militarists, issued the "Declaration of the Civilized World" to defend the aggressive war launched by Germany and advocated that Germany was above all else and that the whole world should accept the "true Germany" Spirit". There were ninety-three people who signed the "Declaration", all of whom were prestigious German scientists, artists and pastors at the time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, Ostwald, Planck, etc. all signed it. When Einstein was asked to sign, he flatly refused, but at the same time he resolutely signed his name on the anti-war "Letter to Europeans." This move shocked the world. In November 1915 (36 years old), he proposed the complete form of the gravity equation and successfully explained the perihelion motion of Mercury. Einstein
In March 1916 (37 years old), he completed his concluding paper "The Foundation of General Relativity". In May, he proposed the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded. In August, he completed "Quantum Theory of Radiation", summarizing the development of quantum theory and proposing the theory of stimulated emission. In 1917 (38 years old), after the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution, praising it as a great social experiment that would be of decisive significance to the world and saying: "I I respect Lenin because he was a man who had a spirit of complete self-sacrifice and dedicated himself wholeheartedly to the realization of social justice. I don't think his methods were practical, but one thing is for sure: people of his type, He is the defender and recreater of human conscience." In 1919 (at the age of 40), Einstein divorced Mileva, and in the same year, he married his cousin Elsa. In 1921 (42 years old), Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the photoelectric effect. His research promoted the development of quantum mechanics.
Visited Prague and Vienna in January. On January 27, he gave a report on "Geometry and Experience" at the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In February, I went to Amsterdam to attend the International Federation of Trade Unions conference. Einstein with his wife and son
From April 5 to May 30, in order to raise funds for the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he visited the United States for the first time with Weizmann. Received the Barnard Medal from Columbia University. Received by President Harding at the White House. During his visits to Chicago, Boston and Princeton, he gave four lectures on the theory of relativity. In June, he visited the UK and visited Newton’s cemetery. In January 1922 (43 years old), he completed his first paper on unified field theory. Visited France from March to April and worked hard to normalize relations between France and Germany. Published a talk criticizing Mach's philosophy. Participated in the Intellectual Cooperation Committee of the League of Nations in April. In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin. On October 8, Einstein and Elsa took a ship from Marseille to Japan. Visits Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way. On November 9, on his way to Japan-Shanghai, Einstein learned via telegram that he had been awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. From November 17th to December 29th, he visited Japan. On February 2, 1923 (44 years old), on his way back from Japan, he visited Palestine and stayed for 12 days. On February 8, he became the first honorary citizen of Tel Aviv. Einstein and his first wife Mileva
On their way back to Germany from Palestine, they visited Spain. In March, Einstein was disappointed with the capabilities of the League of Nations and submitted his resignation to the League of Nations. From June to July, he helped found the "New Russia Friends Association" and became a member of its executive committee. In July, he went to Gothenburg to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize. And lectured on the theory of relativity as a thank you for receiving the Nobel Prize. The discovery of the Compton effect resolved a long-standing contradiction in the concept of photons. In December, it was speculated for the first time that quantum effects may arise from over-constrained general relativistic field equations. In 1924 (45 years old), he joined the Jewish organization in Berlin and became a dues-paying member. In June, he reconsidered joining the League of Nations. In December, the last major discovery was made, and an independent demonstration of the association of waves and matter was obtained from the analysis of statistical fluctuations. At this time, Bose-Einstein condensation was also discovered. In 1925 (46 years old), he was hired as a director of the "Oriental Culture and Technology Association", a German-Soviet cooperation group. Einstein and his second wife Elsa
From May to June, they visited South America. Joined Gandhi and others in signing the declaration refusing military service. Received the Copley Medal. Serves on the Board of Trustees of Hebrew University. Published "Non-Euclidean Geometry and Physics". In the spring of 1926 (47 years old), he discussed philosophical issues about quantum mechanics with Heisenberg. Receives the Gold Medal of Astronomer Royal. Accepted as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In February 1927 (48 years old), he signed the anti-fascist manifesto drafted by Babisse. Participated in the International Anti-Imperialist Alliance and was elected as honorary chairman. In October, he participated in the 5th Brussels Solvay Physics Symposium and began a fierce debate with the Copenhagen School on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Published "Newtonian Mechanics and Its Influence on the Development of Theoretical Physics". In January 1928 (49 years old), he was elected as a director of the "German Human Rights League" (formerly the German "New Fatherland League"). In the spring, due to overwork and poor health, he went to Davos, Switzerland, to recuperate and give lectures to young people in recuperation. Published "Basic Concepts of Physics to Recent Changes". In April, Helen Ducasse began to work as a lifelong personal secretary at Einstein's house. Published "Unified Field Theory" in February 1929 (50 years old). Einstein's first wife Mileva
She turned 50 in March and hid in the countryside to avoid birthday celebrations. Visited the Belgian royal family for the first time and formed a friendship with Empress Elisabeth, with whom she corresponded until her death. Won the Planck Medal on June 28. After September, he held a debate with the French mathematician Adama on the issue of war and peace, insisting on unconditionally opposing all wars. In 1930 (51 years old), he was dissatisfied with the League of Nations' inaction in improving international relations and resigned. In May, signed the World Disarmament Statement of the "Women's International Alliance for Peace and Freedom". In July, he argued with Tagore about the objectivity of truth. From December 11 to March 4, 1931, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, mainly giving lectures at the California Institute of Technology.
On December 13, Mayor Walker presented Einstein with the golden key to New York City. Einstein
Visited Cuba from December 19th to 20th. Published articles such as "My World View" and "Religion and Science". Returned to Berlin from the United States in March 1931 (52 years old). Visited the UK in May and gave lectures in Oxford. In November, he called on all countries to impose an economic blockade on Japan to stop its military aggression against China. In December, I went to California again to give lectures. In order to participate in the 1932 International Disarmament Conference, he published a series of articles and speeches. Published "Maxwell's Influence on the Development of Concepts of Physical Reality". In February 1932 (53 years old), he protested in Pasadena against the German pacifist Ossietzky who was convicted of treason. Returned to Berlin from the United States in March. In May, I went to Cambridge and Oxford to give lectures, and then rushed to Geneva to attend the Disarmament Conference. I felt extremely disappointed. In June, I had a conversation with Murphy about the issue of causality. Correspondence with Freud in July to discuss the psychological issues of war. Call on the German people to rise up to defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength. On December 10, he and his wife left Germany for the United States. Originally planning to visit the United States, however, they never set foot on German soil again. On January 30, 1933 (54 years old), the Nazis came to power. Einstein
On March 10, he issued a statement in Pasadena that he would not return to Germany, and set off back to Europe the next day. On March 20, the Nazis raided his house and he protested. Later, his property in Germany was confiscated and his books burned. Arriving in Belgium from the United States on March 28, I took refuge in the seaside countryside. On April 21, he announced his resignation from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. The letter to Laue on May 26 pointed out that scientists should not remain silent on major political issues. On June 21, he received the LL.D honorary doctorate of law degree awarded by the University of Glasgow. In July, he changed his absolute pacifist attitude and called on young people from all over the world to arm themselves and prepare for a life-and-death struggle against Nazi Germany. In early September, the Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks for his death. On September 9, he crossed the sea to England and left Europe forever. On October 3, he gave a speech on life and science in London. .Leaved the UK on October 10, arrived in the United States on October 17, settled in Princeton, and applied to be a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1934 (55 years old), the collection of essays "My World View" was edited and published by his step-son-in-law Rudolf Keizer. In May 1935, he went to Bermuda for a short trip. Make a formal application for permanent residence in the United States in Bermuda. This was also the last time he left the United States. Received the Franklin Medal.
Einstein, with Einstein and his second wife on the cover (20 photos). Cooperated with Podolsky and Rosen and published a paper challenging the Copenhagen School, claiming that quantum mechanics has no influence on reality. The description is incomplete. Struggled to give the Nobel Prize (Peace Prize) to Ossietzky who was imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camp. In 1936 (57 years old), he began to cooperate with Infeld and Hoffmann to study the motion problem of general relativity. His wife Elsa died of illness on December 20. Published "Physics and Reality" and "On Education". From March to September 1937 (58 years old), he participated in the compilation of the popular book "The Evolution of Physics" written by Infeld. In March, we supported China’s “Seven Gentlemen”. In June, he collaborated with Infeld and Hoffman to complete the paper "Gravity Equations and Motion Problems", deriving the motion equations from the field equations of general relativity. In 1938 (59 years old), he co-wrote the paper "The Promotion of Kalucha's Electrical Theory" with Bergmann. In September, I wrote a letter to my descendants five thousand years from now, expressing my dissatisfaction with the current situation of capitalist society. On August 2, 1939 (age 60), driven by Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt, suggesting that the United States step up its atomic energy research to prevent Germany from mastering the atomic bomb first. My younger sister Maya came to the United States from Europe and stayed at Einstein's house for a long time. "An Examination of the Foundations of Theoretical Physics" was published on May 15, 1940. On May 22, he called Roosevelt to oppose the U.S. neutrality policy. Obtained U.S. citizenship on October 1. In 1941 (62 years old), he published "Science and Religion" and other articles. In October 1942 (63 years old), he warmly praised the Soviet Union’s achievements in all aspects at a Jewish rally to aid the Soviet Union. In May 1943 (64 years old), he participated in the work of the U.S. Navy as a scientific advisor. In 1944 (age 65), in order to support the anti-fascist war, the manuscript of the 1905 special theory of relativity paper was auctioned for US$6 million. Post a review of Russell's epistemology.
In December, he discussed atomic weapons and post-war peace issues with Stern and Bohr, and followed Bohr's advice and remained silent for the time being. In March 1945 (age 66), he discussed the dangers of atomic armaments with Szilard and wrote a letter to introduce Szilard to meet Roosevelt, but to no avail. Retired from the Institute of Advanced Studies in April (actually still continuing to work as usual). After September, he published a series of remarks about atomic war and world government. In May 1946 (67 years old), he initiated the organization of the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Scientists" and served as chairman. In May, he received an honorary doctorate from Lincoln University. Write a long "self-narration" to review the path of scientific exploration throughout your life. In May, my sister Maya was paralyzed due to a stroke. From then on, I read to her every night. In October, he wrote an open letter to the United Nations General Assembly urging the establishment of a world government. In 1947 (age 68), he continued to publish a lot of remarks about world government. In September, he published an open letter proposing to reorganize the United Nations into a world government. From April to June 1948 (age 69), he cooperated with astronomer Sharp Linley to fully oppose the United States' preparation for a "preventive war" against the Soviet Union. Protest against widespread military training in the United States. Published "Quantum Mechanics and Reality". His ex-wife Mileva died of illness in Zurich. In December, a laparotomy was performed and a large aneurysm was found in the abdominal aorta. On January 13, 1949 (70 years old), Einstein was discharged from the hospital. In January, I wrote "Reply to Criticism", a counter-criticism of the Copenhagen School's criticism in the collection "Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist". Published "Why Socialism" in May. In November, the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Scientists" ceased its activities. On February 13, 1950 (71 years old), he gave a televised speech opposing the United States’ efforts to build a hydrogen bomb. Published "On the General Theory of Gravity" in April. "Collection of Old Years" published. On March 18, the will was signed and sealed. Dr. Nathan was named as sole executor. The estate is jointly hosted by Dr. Nathan and Dr. Ducasse. The final repository of letters and manuscripts is the Hebrew University. Among other provisions: the violin was given to grandson Bernhard Kaiser. In 1951 (72 years old), he published articles and letters continuously, pointing out that the U.S. policy of arms expansion and war preparation was a serious obstacle to world peace. In June, sister Maya passed away after a long period of paralysis. In September, the "Extraordinary Committee of Atomic Energy Scientists" was disbanded. In 1952 (73 years old), he published "Relativity and Space Problems" and "Introduction to Some Basic Introductions". After the death of Weisman, the first president of Israel, in November, the Israeli government asked him to serve as the second president, but he was rejected. On April 3, 1953 (74 years old), he wrote the "Ode to the Olympia Academy of Sciences" to his old friends in Bern, remembering his youthful life. On May 16, he wrote a reply to the persecuted teacher Fraunglass, calling on American intellectuals to resolutely resist fascist persecution, which caused a huge response. After reading the book, Born retired and published a paper on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which caused a fierce debate between the two. Published "Preface to "The Concept of Space"". In March 1954 (75 years old), on his 75th birthday, through the "Extraordinary Committee for Civil Liberties", he called on the American people to fight against fascist forces. In March, he was publicly denounced by U.S. Senator McCarthy as an "enemy of the United States." Issued a statement in May to protest the political persecution of Oppenheimer. Qiu was bedridden for several days due to hemolytic anemia. On November 18, he published a statement in "Reporter" magazine that he did not want to be a scientist in the United States, but would rather be a craftsman or a hawker. Complete "Asymmetric Relativistic Theory". From February to April 1955 (76 years old), he corresponded with Russell to discuss the peace declaration, and signed the declaration on April 11. In March, I wrote a "self-narrative", recalling the path of study and scientific exploration in my youth. On March 15, my best friend Besso passed away. On April 3, I talked with Cohen about the history of science and other issues. On April 5, he refuted American fascists for labeling him a "subversive". On April 13, I suffered severe abdominal pain while drafting a televised speech, and was later diagnosed with arterial bleeding. Entered Princeton Hospital on April 15. Passed away in the hospital at 1:25 on April 18.