In 141 BC, Liu Che, the 16-year-old son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for 54 years led the history of China to a new stage. According to Ban Gu in Hanshu? According to the statement in the eulogy of Emperor Wudi Ji, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty "consulted the interior of the sea, raised his handsome and magnificent achievements, and made meritorious deeds with him". In fact, his achievements were the results created by "domestic" and "handsome" people at that time.
hanshu? Gong Sunhong wrote in the last eulogy of Bo Shi's biography of children's breadth that the era of Emperor Wudi was the most worthy historical period in the Han Dynasty in terms of knowing people and employing people: "If you get people from the Han Dynasty, you will be prosperous here." At that time, people who were "elegant" were like Gong Sunhong, Dong Zhongshu and Er Kuan, people who were "faithful" were like Shi Jian and Shi Qing, people who were "upright" were like Ji An and Bo Shi, people who were "pushing sages" were like Han Anguo and Zheng Dangshi, people who were "ordering" were like Zhao Yu and Zhang Tang, and people who were "writing" were like Sima Qian and Sima Xiangru, "funny". People who are "strategists" such as Sang Hongyang, "ambassadors" such as Zhang Qian and Su Wu, "commanders" such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, and "legatees" such as Huo Guang and Jin Ridi are all famous in history. Other people, such as Li Guang, the "flying general", are too numerous to prepare, which shows that the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is an era of talented people. Ban Gu concluded: "It is a legacy of the system, which is beyond the reach of future generations." He believes that the outstanding historical position of the "achievements" and "systems" in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is precisely due to the gathering of various types of talents around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
At the beginning of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable, and the country's economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors in the vassal kingdom still existed, and the potential threat was not small. Therefore, while continuing to carry out various policies of Jingdi, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen centralization. On the political side, Zhu Fuyan's suggestion was adopted, and a "decree of granting favors" was issued to weaken the vassal state power of enfeoffment in the early Han Dynasty, strengthen centralization and strengthen the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations, including major reforms and innovations such as the right to receive photographs, the establishment of a secretariat, and the establishment of a system of political integrity. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of the Chinese imperial system in the next two thousand years. General Fu: Wei Qing, Huo Guang
General Fu Biao Qi: Huo Qubing
Prime Minister: Wei Wan, Dou Ying, Xuchang, Tian Fen, Xue Ze, Gong Sunhong, Li Cai, Zhuang Qingzhai, Zhao Zhou, Shi Qing, Gong Sunhe, Liu Qumao, Tian Qianqiu
Taiwei: Tian Fen < p Shangguan Jie
Feng Chang Tai Chang: Wang Zang, kong zang, Han Yannian
Lang Zhongling: Wang Zang, Li Guang, Li Ganwei: Li Guang, Han Anguo, Zhang Qian, Lu Bode
Taifu: Guan Fu, Gong Sunhe, Gong Sunjing Sheng
Ting Wei: Zhang Tang, Zhao Yu, Du Zhou, Guo Ju < Sang Hongyang
Lieutenant Shao Fu holds Jin Wu: Han Anguo, Zhao Yu, Li Xi, Wang Wenshu, Yin Qi, Yan Yi and Sang Hongyang: Ji An, Zhu Maichen and Jiang Chong
Civil history: Shi Qing, Zheng Dangshi, Gong Sunhong, Ji An, Er Kuan, Jian Xuan
Others: Dong Fangshuo, Zhu Fuyan and Sima Qian. In this historical background, in order to consolidate the unified country, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to promote autocratic centralization and made various efforts.
in the second year of yuanshuo (the first 127 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the suggestion of Zhu Fuyan to implement the decree of pushing favors. The princes are allowed to give part of the land accounts of the kingdom to their children as princes by "private favors", and the names of these princes are determined by the emperor. As a result, many princes and princes sealed their descendants by household towns, which led to the continuous division of several Hou Yaozong under the jurisdiction of the county in the kingdom, and all the descendants of the kings were able to become princes at one time. On the other hand, for the dynasty center, which has been eager to weaken the influence of local vassals, the central government does not have to deliberately attack the effect of "not obsessively analyzing the vassal countries", and the vassal countries have actually disintegrated on their own.
Subsequently, there was a rebellion between Liu An, king of Huainan, and Liu Ci, king of Hengshan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took advantage of this case and ordered the arrest of their guest henchmen in the first year of Yuanshou (the first 122 years), which implicated tens of thousands of people in death. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also promulgated the Law of Left Officials and the Law of Attached Benefits, which stipulated that the officials in the kingdom were "left officials", declared their low rank, and showed the intention of discrimination, so as to control the flow of talents, suppress the status of officials under the princes, and severely punish criminal officials who served the princes. Moreover, it strictly restricted the scholars from making friends with princes, and it was strictly forbidden for courtiers to attach princes outside, and it was also forbidden for princes to form a party for selfish ends. Since then, vassals can only pay for food, clothing, rent and taxes, and must not participate in political affairs. Since then, people with distant branches in the vassal clan have gradually become no different from ordinary people.
In the fifth year of Yuan Ding (the first 112 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty claimed 16 titles on the pretext that the gilded gold offered by the marquis was not enough in weight and quality. There are not a few other princes who have lost their titles for other reasons. Since the early Han Dynasty, the prime minister has considerable power to inherit the Qin system. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Ying, Emperor Huidi of the Han Dynasty, took Xiao He and Cao Can, the first generation of heroes, as prime ministers respectively, and their prestige was once very high. Hanshu? On the list of officials and officials: the function of the prime minister was to be the prime minister at that time, who was actually the prime minister who held the real administrative power in the imperial court. When Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Dou Taihou expected to make Wang xin, the queen's brother, a Hou. Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty said, "Please count with the Prime Minister." So he consulted with Prime Minister Zhou Yafu, and Zhou Yafu firmly refused with the pre-agreement of "no merit, no waiting" made by high-impedance Liu Bang. Emperor Han Jing was silent and depressed. It can be seen that the power was heavy at that time.
In the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Tian Fen took the post of Prime Minister, and once recommended officials who were promoted, including senior bureaucrats who were directly employed by civilians, so that the emperor's right to employ people was violated. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty expressed his inner displeasure and said, "Are the officials you recommended finished? I also have officials to recommend. " Tian Fen once asked to occupy the place of Shaofu Examination Room in the government-run handicraft management department to expand the mansion. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said angrily, "Why don't you just occupy the place of the armory!"
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took office, he intended to improve the monarch's rights, thus changing the tradition that the prime minister held a high position. He often changed prime ministers. During the fifty-four years of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he used thirteen ministers, with an average tenure of just over four years. Three of them died in office, three were dismissed, two committed suicide, and three were put to death in prison. This is the first time in the history of China that many senior government officials have been severely punished. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once had the intention of setting up two prime ministers. In the second year of Zhenghe, he appointed Prime Minister Zuo of Liu Quli, issued letters, and announced that the Prime Minister's offices were divided into two houses, in order to look forward to the suitable candidates from far away in the world. Later, the idea of separating the left and right prime ministers was not put into practice.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also specially selected talents from the lowly rank, serving as middle-ranking, regular-ranking and service-giving officials who participated in the main decision-making of the national political center, so that they could enter and leave the Palace Forbidden City, be accompanied by advisers, and participate in important political affairs. These officials who became close ministers were equivalent to the guests and aides of the emperor. The high-ranking generals personally appointed and directly commanded by the emperor often participated in confidential discussions. Wei Qing, the general of Fu, and Huo Qubing, the general of Fu Yi, are both more powerful than the Prime Minister, and they also hold the position of "serving the middle", which has a special position to participate in important court decisions. As a result, the "China-DPRK" corresponding to the "foreign dynasty" composed of the Prime Minister, the Imperial censor and Jiuqing was formed.
"China-Korea", also known as "Inner Korea", is composed of close ministers of the emperor's cronies. In important political affairs, "China and North Korea" made their own decisions within the court, and then handed them over to the prime minister of "foreign countries" for implementation.
Shang Shu was originally an official in charge of documents around the emperor. After the formation of "China-Korea", the position of Shangshu became increasingly important. As the secretary of the emperor, Shangshu, different from the officials who only participated in the court discussion, gradually occupied the core position in "China and North Korea" because of its official offices, official subordinates and specific functions.
It is one of the prime ministers' main duties to be in charge of counting and taking exams in counties and countries, and to reward and punish officials according to their achievements. However, in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were cases where the emperor personally accepted the "upper plan". In the spring and March of the fifth year of Yuanfeng (the first 16 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once made an east tour to Mount Tai, and accepted the congratulations of the princes and princes, "being counted by the county and the state". In the first year of Taichu (the first 14 years), it was once "counted in Ganquan". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was directly "counted", indicating that he had firmly grasped the control rights of various counties and countries (112 years ago). Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was close to Confucianism and admired Confucianism, in fact, Emperor Wu respected Confucianism instead of using it. The political spirit of the Hanwu era appeared to be both literary and moral, but in essence it was harsh. The prime minister of the prosperous period of Hanwu is just a decoration, but the real power lies in the ancient scholar. At that time, the candidates for the Imperial Physician, such as Zhao Yu, Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Sang Hongyang, were all representatives of Legalism. In order to crusade against Xiongnu, it was necessary to make the national strength highly concentrated, so they followed this political principle. Their most important tasks are: 1. Strictly prevent domestic rebellion. Second, try to develop profit sources.
In order to achieve complete domestic control, Emperor Wu first changed the law. In the fifth year of Yuanguang, he ordered Zhang Tang and Zhao Yu to make laws and regulations, which caused the laws of the Western Han Dynasty to return to the harshness of the Qin Dynasty. For example, the "Knowing the Law" stipulates that if you see others breaking the law and don't report it, you will be guilty of the same crime as the offender. In this way, the rule of law by officials is mainly harsh, so many cruel officials, such as Yi Zong and Wang Wenshu, have been produced, and many people and senior officials have been killed for crimes. This phenomenon is the most serious in the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
as for the development of profit sources, selling official titles is one of the important items. This method began in the sixth year of Yuanshuo, and the government set up eleven levels of "martial arts Jue", which caused great damage to official management. In addition, the most important thing is the implementation of the new economic policy, including the operation of state-owned trade undertakings, the collection of new taxes, the issuance of new currency and the patents of salt, iron and wine. The implementation of these policies has greatly increased the government's revenue. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established the system of inspection and evaluation, which was the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and had a great influence on later generations.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.