Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a treasure in China's cultural treasure house, which has played a great role in the health care of people in China for generations. The spread of Chinese medicine abroad has also had a far-reaching impact on the development of world medicine. In the process of medical practice, the people of China are not only good at summing up and improving medical experience and medical theory, but also extensively absorbing the medical experience of all nationalities in the world, enriching our medical treasure house.
Chinese and foreign medical exchanges have a long history. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, Chinese medicine was introduced to Korea, Japan and other countries. According to Vietnamese history books, in 257 BC, a doctor from China, Cui Wei, cured Yong Xuan and Ren Xiu of weakness in Vietnam. Cui Wei is the author of Gong Yu Collection. During the Three Kingdoms period, Dong Feng, a famous doctor, went to Vietnam to treat Du, the toe-crossing satrap, for his serious illness. During the Southern Qi Dynasty, due to the low humidity in Vietnam, Yin Keng's wife had abdominal distension. Lin Sheng, a Taoist priest of Cangwu, collected herbs in Vietnam and was cured by taking "Bai Wen Pill", which was introduced into Vietnam. From the above, we can see that China medicine spread to Viet Nam a long time ago. Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of China's feudal society, and China's medicine and pharmacy also developed in an all-round way, becoming the center of Asian medicine and pharmacy. China has more frequent medical exchanges with North Korea and Japan (see "China-North Korea Medical Exchange" and "China-Japan Medical Exchange"). North Korea and Japan sent overseas students to China many times, and China's ambassadors and doctors also went to North Korea and Japan to teach and exchange medical knowledge. Jian Zhen's eastward crossing is an important event in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural exchange. China and India also have medical exchanges through exchanges between Buddhist monks. In the Tang Dynasty, medical exchanges between China and Vietnam also developed further. Poets and physicians in Tang Dynasty, such as Shen Quanqi and Liu Yuxi, visited Vietnam, which made China's medical knowledge spread to Vietnam continuously. Shen Guangxun, an observer in the Tang Dynasty, used pepper, dried ginger and other drugs to treat Vietnamese brain pain. Vietnamese medicinal materials have also been imported into China. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Ma Yuan brought back a large number of excellent varieties of Coix lachryma-jobi from his toes in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since then, Vietnam has imported a large number of medicinal materials. In Biography of Liang Shu Fu Nan, it is said that Vietnam produces agarwood and turmeric. There are stachydrine and Vietnamese stone sulfur in Tao Hongjing's Records of Famous Doctors. Tang Materia Medica and Supplement to Materia Medica recorded that the drugs produced in Vietnam include Caulis Spatholobi, Ammole, Pilile, Clove, Zhantangxiang, Hulile, Sue, Blumea balsamifera, and palm wood. Among them, Sue is the most imported.
In the Tang Dynasty, medical exchanges between China and Arabia became more and more frequent. After Tang Yonghui (650-655), Arab countries came to China to offer gifts. According to Zhu Fanzhi, the imported drugs include frankincense, myrrh, dragon's blood, storax oil, gardenia, rose water, clove, gallnut, radix aucklandiae, Ferula, aloe, leek and dragon birthday. Arabs also introduced the prescription of fenugreek into China. Fang Yi in the Tang Dynasty, the Secret Recipe of Foreign Taiwan, Herbal Medicine for Symptoms in the Song Dynasty and Medicine Heart Prescription in Japan all contain Arabic medical prescriptions imported from the Tang Dynasty. For example, "Qianjin Fang Yi" includes Tang San and Psoralea prescription of Persian Fang Wei. In Moon Hee in the Tang Dynasty, there were records of Arabs opening pharmacies in Chang 'an. Li Jue and Li Da are the two most famous Persians in Shu after the Five Dynasties. They are engaged in the sales of fragrant medicine. Li Xun, who is good at poetry and medicine, wrote 6 volumes of Herbs of Haiyao, which is a monograph introducing foreign drugs. China's alchemy was introduced to Arabia before the eighth century and Europe through Arabia in the twelfth century, which had a positive impact on the world's pharmaceutical chemistry. China's pulse science was introduced into Arabia before the 10 century. There are 48 methods of pulse diagnosis recorded in Avicenna Medical Canon, among which 35 methods are taken from Wang Shuhe's Pulse Classic. Many China drugs are recorded in the medical code. In addition, the contents introduced in the medical code, such as the urine sweetness of diabetic patients; Judging the prognosis according to the rash of measles patients; And the medical experience and methods closely related to Chinese medicine, such as * * * operation, angular aspiration, leech drug abuse, cautery, and treatment of mad dog bites. Lawall, an American, thinks in his book "Four Thousand Years of Pharmacy" that Arab inhalation anesthesia may have been introduced from China.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the development of navigation technology, the application of compass navigation promoted foreign trade and medical exchanges. In 19971year, Song * * * set up "same-city shipping companies" in coastal cities such as Guangzhou and Quanzhou. At that time, more than 50 countries traded with overseas. According to the introduction, Arab businessmen have transported more than 60 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines to Europe, Asia and Africa, such as cinnabar, ginseng, bezoar, poria cocos, aconite and pepper. Calculus bovis is the most important. Kyle Poirot wrote in his travel notes that he saw a large number of China ships carrying a large number of medicinal materials in Malaba, which were transported by Arabs to the port of Aden and then to Alexandria and other places. 1In August, 973, a sunken ship of the Song Dynasty was excavated in Quanzhou Bay, Jinjiang District, Fujian Province. A large number of drugs were unearthed in the cabin, including frankincense, mercury, cinnabar, betel nut, pepper, tortoise shell, agarwood, sandalwood and Dalbergia odorifera, indicating that the foreign medical exchange in the Song Dynasty reached a new stage. At the same time, medical exchanges between China, North Korea and Japan have been further developed. Due to the development of maritime trade, China has trade and medical exchanges with Southeast Asian countries such as Zhenla, Mei Dan, Luohu, Boni, Gaopo and Sanfo Qi. China imported a lot of spices and medicinal materials from Southeast Asia. According to the food records in the History of Song Dynasty, the frankincense trade, for example, is often hundreds of millions, showing its grand occasion, while Chinese medicines such as Chuanxiong, Angelica dahurica, cinnabar, copperas, alum, borax and arsenic are also shipped to Southeast Asian countries.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, medical exchanges between China and Vietnam also developed. Vietnamese envoys sent incense and medicinal materials many times, and Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan also sent medicine to King Annan many times. There is also a large-scale trade in medicinal materials between the two countries. Dr China has been to Vietnam as far as possible. For example, in the sixth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 136), a monk from Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province, went to Vietnam, cured the "trance" of King Lee of Vietnam with psychotherapy, and was established as a Buddhist teacher. After the death of Song Dynasty, many scholars and doctors from China moved to Vietnam, which promoted the development of medicine in Vietnam. According to Da Yue Historical Records, Zou Geng, a doctor in the Yuan Dynasty, used acupuncture to treat the diseases of Yuzong, the emperor of Yue, and his prince. Zou Geng was appointed as a physician, an official ambassador of the mission academy and an imperial doctor. At this time, medical exchanges between China and Arab countries were frequent. In 984, the big food country sent borneol, rose water and so on. The foodie Li Yapei Pusimi sent 100 bottles of rose water, an anonymous one, and a lot of ivory and frankincense. In 1995, its national ship owner Li Songbing 120 tablets, 50 pairs of clams, a box of dragon salt, 20 small glass bottles of eye drops, 6 glass bottles of Schisandra chinensis, 20 glass bottles of rose water and one frankincense hawthorn. 10 1 1 year, he was sent to send a bottle of incense, ivory, amber, nameless, rose water and so on to German general Li Luo. Rashed Ahldin Hamdani, a Persian scholar and doctor (1247 ~ 13 18), presided over the compilation of an encyclopedia of Persian China medicine, entitled "China scientific treasure of ilhan", which included pulse, anatomy, embryology and obstetrics and gynecology. Avicenna, a famous Arab doctor, used gold and silver foil as the coating of pills, which was recorded in the Book of Records in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that this method has been adopted in the Song Dynasty. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, many Arab doctors have lived in China to practice medicine. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a man named Li Mohe, who was the master of the country. He spread Psoralea to Zheng. In the Five Dynasties, there were Li Xun and Li Xun brothers (Persian ancestors), all of whom were Sichuanese. In the Yuan Dynasty, La Tuote served as the medical assistant of Aba Hagan and succeeded Zhu Khan for many years. Luckily, he became prime minister and wrote Historical Records. 1270, the Yuan Dynasty established "Shi Jing Hospital" and hired Arab doctors to prepare back medicine. 1273 was changed to "guanghui department", and 1292 set up hospitals in Dadu (Beijing) and Shangdu (Duolun), showing that three Arab medical institutions were established in the Yuan Dynasty. Hui Hui Medical College translated the Arabic medical work Hui Hui Prescription.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the middle of16th century, capitalism sprouted in China, and some European countries entered the capitalist society one after another. Due to the progress of shipbuilding technology, the development of Chinese and foreign transportation has been promoted, and Chinese and foreign personnel exchanges and medical exchanges have become more frequent. Traditional Chinese medicine spread to Korea and Japan, where it developed and grew, and many medical schools appeared. During the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He led a huge fleet to the Western Ocean for seven times and visited Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and East Africa. Zheng He went abroad for seven times, bringing drugs such as ginseng, musk, rhubarb, poria cocos, ginger, cinnamon, etc., and brought back rhinoceros horn, antelope horn, Ferula, myrrh and clove from Asian and African countries. When Zheng He went abroad, he was always equipped with 180 doctors and doctors, and each ship had 2 ~ 3 doctors. Chen Yicheng and Chen Chang, the famous doctors at that time, went with them as ship doctors and had medical exchanges with the countries they passed through. China continues to carry out medical exchanges with Vietnamese, Indian, West Asian and Arab countries. According to Da Nan Hui Dian, Li Qian's Introduction to Medicine and Jing Yue Quan Shu were introduced to Vietnam in the Ming Dynasty, and Vietnamese doctors compiled medical books according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. For example, an anonymous Vietnamese's Eight Treasures Mandarin in Fang Xin was based on Jing Yue Quan Shu. Pan Fu, a Vietnamese, wrote Compendium of Materia Medica before 1432. Most of the books are medicinal materials produced in China, indicating that China medicinal materials have been exported in large quantities and adopted by Vietnamese doctors. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, Vietnamese famous doctor Li Youzhuo wrote Heart of Sea Medicine, in which the theory of Neijing was adopted in the pathology department, and the listed prescriptions such as Guizhi Decoction and Ginseng Poison Powder also adopted Chinese medicine prescriptions. It is also Fan Baifu's "Doctor's Book of Immortal Vaccinia"; The medical books (acupuncture books) written by Wu Pingfu have absorbed the medical contents of our country. At the same time, Vietnamese doctors came to work in Nanjing, and Vietnamese medicinal materials such as rhinoceros horn, Qinnanxiang, Jinyinxiang, Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae, Sandalwood, Borneolum Syntheticum and Sappan were continuously imported into China. The drugs introduced from Vietnam in Zhao Xuemin's Compendium of Materia Medica include Shuixieping, Gannan Xiang, clove oil and boat-fruited Sterculia. Pill, white edge, Jane, etc. These drugs are adopted by doctors in China. Vietnamese medical books were also introduced into China. In the fourth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1047), the army brought back Chen's Chrysanthemum Grass and Ruan Zhixin's New Herbs.