What pen was used to write before pencils were invented?

As early as 1964, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called Barodale, England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family.

The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born in/kloc-0 on February 20th, 752. His father is a carpenter in Asper. Hardtmuth studied the bricklayer's craft in Vienna, later became an architect, and once founded a brick factory.

At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, so he decided to invent a new pen. He mixed clay with graphite powder, made it into the shape of a refill, and burned it in the fire, so that he could draw traces on the paper. He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1792, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.