Tianjin modern industrial development?

Tianjin's modern industry began with the Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau founded by the Qing government in the Westernization Movement. Since then, Yuan Shikai carried out the "New Deal" in Tianjin, built Hebei New District on the north bank of Haihe River, and gathered a large number of modern industrial enterprises. Industrialists, including Zhou and Zhou, have set up a number of large-scale industries in Tianjin that are "supervised by officials and run by businesses". At the beginning of the 20th century, private industries in China began to flourish. Among them, the representative Li Yong Soda Factory won a gold medal and a certificate at the 1926 Philadelphia World Expo, which is called "the symbol of developing the main chemical industry in the Republic of China". The development of Tianjin's modern industry and the construction of Tianjin Concession promoted Tianjin to rapidly develop into the largest city and industrial and commercial center in northern China and the second largest industrial, financial and commercial city in China. The development of modern industry in Tianjin has roughly experienced four stages: germination, development, prosperity and Japanese occupation. Due to the development and prosperity of Tianjin's modern industry, Tianjin established the Tianjin Modern Industry Museum in Sanchahekou. \x0d\x0d\ embryonic stage \ x0d \ The embryonic stage of Tianjin's modern industry is the period of Westernization Movement after the opening of the port. From 65438 to 0866, influenced by the Westernization Movement, the Qing government gradually established a series of military industries in Tianjin and its surrounding areas. In order to cope with foreign trade affairs, the Qing government set up three trade ministers in Tianjin (1870 was changed to Beiyang trade minister, and Zhili governor was concurrently appointed). Tianjin became the core area of Li Hongzhang's Beiyang base area, and this period was also the early stage of Tianjin's modern industrial development. \x0d\ Military Industry Established by the Westernization School \x0d\ After the Second Opium War, the Westernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty rose, and the "Westernization School" began to establish government-run industries represented by military industry in modern times. 1867, Chonghou, Minister of Commerce and Trade of the Three Ports, found 22 hectares of land near Jiajiagu Road in the east of Tianjin 18, dug trenches around it, built a fence with a length of 1500 feet, and built the East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Bureau, that is, the Fire Factory of Tianjin Machinery Bureau, commonly known as the "East Bureau", which was the earliest in northern China at that time. The bureau supplies guns and ammunition to the northern provinces. After the completion of Beiyang Navy, it was also responsible for providing the munitions needed by beiyang fleet. After worshipping Hou, Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang trade, presided over Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, which quickly developed into a large-scale military enterprise with considerable scale, such as machine manufacturing, metal smelting, casting, thermal processing, basic chemistry and shipbuilding. The East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Bureau was known as one of the largest machinery bureaus in the world at that time. \x0d\ In order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government established the Beiyang Navy Dagu Wharf in Tianjin by Li Hongzhang in 1880. Dagu Wharf is the first wharf in northern China in modern times. It, Lushun Military Port, Liu Gongdao and Ahava are also called the three bases of Beiyang Navy. Used to repair the warship of Beiyang Navy, the ammunition was made by 1890. \x0d\ Establishing "official supervision and commercial office" industry \x0d\ In order to cooperate with the development of modern military industry, the Qing government built the earliest telegraph line in Tianjin and the first independent standard gauge railway in China, and founded Kaiping Railway Company and Kaiping Mining Bureau, which were the earliest mechanized large coal mines in China to ensure the energy and materials needed by military industry. From 65438 to 0878, the comprador Tang was ordered by Li Hongzhang to establish Kaiping Mining Bureau. At first, it was originally run by the government, but later it was changed to government-run and government supervision. 1879, starting from Zhili Governor's Office, through Tianjin Machinery Bureau East Bureau, Zizhulin Concession and China Merchants Bureau, to Dagu Fort and Beitang Barracks, the telegraph line between wires was set up, which was the earliest telegraph line in China. Since then, a telegraph line from Tianjin to Shanghai has been laid. After that, the general bureau of telegraph was established in Tianjin, with three branches: East Telegraph Bureau, North Telegraph Bureau and South Telegraph Bureau. Although Tianjin Telegraph Bureau is an "official supervision and commercial office", all westernization and military affairs telegrams are "first-class official newspapers", and the order of sending telegrams is "official first business". \x0d\ Tang-Xu Railway, built at 1880, was later extended to Dagu and Tianjin at the suggestion of Li Hongzhang, which was mainly used for the transportation of Kaiping coal and the arms transportation of Beiyang coastal defense. 1887 Li Hongzhang renamed Kaiping Railway Company as China Tianjin Railway Company (also known as Jingu Railway Company). After the completion of the Jin-Tang Railway, Li Hongzhang built a railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan, taking Tianjin as the center, considering the northern defense. In addition to the above-mentioned "official supervision and commercial office" modern industry serving the military industry, Li Hongzhang founded the China Merchants Bureau for Ships as early as 1872, with its general administration located in Shanghai and Tianjin Bureau located in the south of Zizhulin, Tianjin. \x0d\ Early foreign-funded enterprises \x0d\ The earliest modern enterprise operated by foreign businessmen in Tianjin was 1874 British Dagu Barge Company, but it was a little later than the China Merchants Group organized by Li Hongzhang. 187 1 year only allowed foreign investors to operate barge transportation business in Tianjin, but they had to go through the probation period stipulated by the Qing government. 1In May, 874, Dagu Barge Company was established with the investment of 33,000 US dollars from British businessmen. September 1889 Dagu Barge Company was reorganized into a joint stock limited company with a capital of 502,000 yuan. To 1900, Tianjin foreign-funded enterprises 19, Yingde accounted for 16. 19 foreign-funded enterprises are mainly foreign trade enterprises, including 1 1 packaging plants. In addition, other early foreign investments were mostly small-scale civilian industries. \x0d\ Establishment of private capital industry \x0d\ Tianjin's private capital industry is later than foreign capital industry. 1878, Zhu qiang founded yilaimou machinery factory. Before 1900, Tianjin yilaimou machinery factory made a profit of 67200 yuan a year. Since then, there have been three or four private capital companies, and each company can still make a profit of six or seven thousand two hundred yuan every year, which shows that sales are booming. These new machine mills built in the 19 era lack specific historical records. At present, there are three machine factories that can be clearly verified: Dalaisheng Machine Factory, Tian Lihe Machine Factory and Nanmen Wairui Hecheng Machine Factory. \x0d\ 1884, Detai Machine Factory, founded by Guangdong businessman Luo Sanyou, is the first iron factory founded by private capital in Tianjin. In terms of machinery manufacturing, there is also Wanshun Iron Works 1886 in Tianjin British Concession. In addition, Detai Machinery Factory and Wanshun Iron Factory are located in Haishu Road (now Dagu Road), adjacent to the concession. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was Chi Chang Iron and Steel Works here. Therefore, in line with the development of Tianjin Concession at that time, Haidao was the birthplace of Tianjin's early national capital machine manufacturing industry. The machine processing industry established by Tianjin's early private capital, and the Jin Ju City Railway Factory built by Sanjiao Street 1897. Other industries, such as Tianjin Water Supply Company established by 1886, Beiyang Wool Textile Factory established by 1897, and Beiyang Nitrate Factory established by 1898, were all invested and established by the famous comprador Wu Maoding in Tianjin at that time, which was the earliest among similar industries in Tianjin and even the north at that time. \x0d\ There are more than 30 important industries in the initial stage of modern industry in Tianjin, of which 19 are foreign-funded enterprises. Of the other 17 national industries, six are commercial industries operated or supervised by the government, and most of these six industries are related to the military. Even the commercial industries regulated by the government are mostly controlled by bureaucrats. Private capital industry investment is late, small in scale and few in variety. Tianjin's early modern industry was mainly military industry, with a large scale, which created a number of national firsts and had pioneering value. For example, the first modern pharmaceutical factory in China-Tianjin Machinery Bureau East Bureau; Beiyang Telegraph School, the first industrial technical school in China; The first independent standard gauge railway and the first telegraph line-"Beitang-Dagu-Tianjin" military telegraph line; China North No.1 Wharf is closely related to Tianjin. \x0d\x0d\ development period \x0d\ main entry: Hebei New District \ x0d \ Tianjin's modern industrial development period is from Yuan Shikai's implementation of the "New Deal" in Tianjin to the early years of the Republic of China. Around 1902, Yuan Shikai, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang Trade, vigorously promoted the "New Deal" in Tianjin. Before and after the founding of the Republic of China, it was the development period of Tianjin's modern industry, which was highlighted by the construction of Hebei New District, the prosperity of modern industrial education and the development of private capital industry. \x0d\ Developing the "official supervision and commercial operation" industry \ x0d \ The "New Deal" implemented by Yuan Shikai in Tianjin at the beginning of the 20th century brought new opportunities for Tianjin's modern industrial development. 1902, Zhou was entrusted by Yuan Shikai to establish Beiyang Silver Bureau. After the success, Beiyang Ye Quan Iron Works and other important official and commercial industries were established in 1906, and Hebei New District once became an important industrial zone. At the same time, Hebei New District has also established Zhili Higher Industrial School, examination factory, practice workshop and other educational institutions, becoming an important industrial education base. \x0d\ Zhou took over Qixin Lime Company in Tangshan 1906, which closed down due to poor product quality. The company's predecessor was Tangshan refined cotton field and soil factory founded by Tang Yu 1889, which was founded by Li Hongzhang by recruiting private funds. After Zhou took over, he introduced the most advanced cement production equipment in the world at that time-the dry cement rotary kiln of Danish Smith Company, which produced high-quality products and pioneered the cement industry in China. \x0d\ transformation of military industry \x0d\ main entry: Dagu Wharf \x0d\ 1900 After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the large-scale government-run military industry in Tianjin was seriously damaged by the invading army. The East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was occupied by Eight-Nation Alliance and later used as a French barracks, while the West Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, Guang Hai Temple Machinery Bureau, was completely destroyed. 190 1 was occupied by the Japanese army, and the former site of Xijuzi was used as a Japanese barracks. The Dagu Wharf of Beiyang Navy was occupied by Russia for two years from 1900 to 1902. 1906, Dagu Wharf was put into operation as Dagu Branch of Beiyang Ye Quan Iron Works, and the gun factory of Dagu Wharf was designated as the Gendarmerie School. At this time, Dagu Wharf has become an industry run by both government and business. \x0d\ Development of commercial industries \x0d\ During the New Deal, Tianjin private capital was developed, Hebei New District was built, Tianjin Mint General Factory, Zhili General Administration of Arts and Crafts and Beiyang Ye Quan Iron Works were built one after another, and Tianjin's machinery industry itself had a certain foundation, so the generation of Sanjiao Street gradually developed into the center of machinery manufacturing. At the same time, the scope of the industrial zone spread from Hebei New District along Santiaoshi Street to the west of Tianjin Old Town. From 1902 to191year, there were 139 industrial enterprises in Tianjin, involving mining, cement, machinery manufacturing, textile, chemical industry, food and other industries, among which the textile industry ranked 4 1 \x0d\x0d\ Prosperity Period \ x0d \ The period from the early years of the Republic of China to the Japanese occupation was the prosperity period of Tianjin's modern industry, mainly manifested in the prosperity of commercial industry. Flour, matches, textiles, chemistry, tanning and other categories occupy an important position in the country. Tianjin has gradually developed into an industrial center in northern China and the second largest industrial and commercial city in China. \x0d\ Textile industry \x0d\ From the period of "Beiyang New Deal", Zhou, as the founder of Beiyang Industry, founded Zhili General Administration of Crafts, advocated "Daxing Craft", and vigorously set up factories and industrial education. 1904, the training workshop set up looms, dyeing, jacquard and other subjects, which created the weaving industry. Since then, dozens of machine weaving factories have been established in Tianjin and its surrounding areas. 19 15 The first machine spinning factory in Tianjin, Zhili Model Spinning Factory, was established. 19 16, Zhang Ruiting founded Hengyuan Canvas Co., Ltd., which was later merged with Zhili Model Spinning Factory and renamed Hengyuan Spinning Factory. 19 16 weeks after quitting the Beiyang government, he joined the industry and founded Xinhua Textile Co., Ltd. 19 18 to set up Tianjin Huaxin Yarn Factory and set up branches in Qingdao, Tangshan and Weihui. From 19 18 to 1922, cotton mills such as Yuyuan, Yuda, Beiyang and Baocheng were built one after another. Six cotton mills have begun to take shape. In addition, there are 87 knitting factories in Tianjin. At this point, Tianjin became the center of modern cotton textile industry in northern China. 193 1 year, Ren Li Wool Textile Factory was built in Tianjin. 1934, East Asia Wool Textile Co., Ltd. was established and put into production, and Tianjin modern wool textile industry began to take shape. Ren Li and East Asia are two famous woolen mills in Tianjin. East Asia Wool Textile Company adopted the homonym of "boycotting foreign goods" and became the first famous brand of domestic wool in China, which was also the representative of saving the country by industry at that time. \x0d\ grain and oil processing \x0d\ 1878, there are already mills using machines in Tianjin. 19 15 years, Shouxing Flour Company was established in the Italian Concession of Tianjin by Sino-Japanese joint venture, and its products sold well. Until 19 19 "boycott of Japanese goods" rose, the company stopped production because of Japanese boycott. 1925 Company was reorganized and renamed as Toufeng Flour Company. Later, it gradually developed into a large flour enterprise in North China with three branches. Dafeng Flour Company was established in 192 1 as the second factory, and Minfeng Flour Company was established in 1923 as the third factory. Other famous flour enterprises include Fuxing Flour Company, which was established by 19 19, and Jiarui Flour Company, which was established by 1924, which produced "Muniu" flour. \x0d\ Marine Chemical Industry \x0d\ Main projects: Tianjin Alkali Plant, Jiuda Refined Salt Company and Huanghai Chemical Research Institute \x0d\ Salt industry has existed in Tianjin since ancient times and belongs to "long reed salt". However, the traditional salt production is rough and the quality is poor, so refined salt production has become an inevitable trend. 19 14 years, with the permission of Beiyang government and the support of Jing, a salt expert, Jiuda refined salt company was established in Tanggu, which was strongly supported by many celebrities. The initiators and promoters include Liang Qichao, Fan Yuanlian, Wang Jiaxiang, Jing Xueyuan, Hu Juntai and Liu. \x0d\ Fan Xudong buys machines, land and factories from Japan. At first, salt was purchased as raw material, and then salt field was established with this as raw material. The refined salt is produced by recrystallization process, and the product trademark is pentagonal Neptune. The production level of soda ash and sulfuric acid is one of the indicators to measure a country's industrial level in the 20th century. Another contribution of Fan Xudong is the establishment of Li Yong Soda Plant. After the outbreak of World War I, the amount of alkali imported from China dropped sharply, so people in China had to eat "earth alkali", and many factories with soda ash as raw materials were forced to stop working. Fan Xudong and others decided to adopt the advanced Sulvi soda production technology in the world at that time to produce soda. 19 17, they started to build Li Yong soda production company, 1923 completed the basic construction of soda plant, and 1926 produced white soda ash named "Red Triangle" on June 29th. The successful development of refined salt and soda ash has broken the monopoly of foreign enterprises and filled the gap in China's chemical industry. At the same time, the "Red Triangle Brand" soda ash made the chemical products produced in China exported overseas for the first time. As early as 1926, the soda produced by Li Yong Soda Factory won the gold medal and certificate at the Philadelphia World Expo. In the certificate, Li Yong Soda Factory is called "the symbol of developing the main chemical industry of the Republic of China". \x0d\ Tannery Industry \x0d\ 1898 After Wu Maoding founded Beiyang Tannery in Tianjin, factories were set up in various places. By 9 years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce had counted 3l new tanneries in China. 193 1 Statistics show that there are 1 1 new tanneries in Tianjin, with Yujin being the largest, followed by North China and Hongji. Although the Yujin factory is a Sino-Japanese joint venture, the main power in the factory belongs to the Japanese, accounting for more than half of Tianjin's leather production. The main products are Citigroup, flange, box leather, harness leather and so on. North China Factory is the largest leather factory operated by Chinese businessmen in Tianjin. At first, it was mainly horse skin, with an annual output of about 20 thousand pieces. Later, he concentrated on developing Citi and Flange leather. Hung Kai Factory was built in 1930s, mainly including three products: Citigroup, Flange and Deerskin. It is a famous brand product in Tianjin. Li Sheng factory is the first leather pelletizing factory in China. It started from tanning, sewed rubber ball products such as basketball and football by itself, and then gradually added woodworking department, tanning department, thread making department and sales department, making it the largest sporting goods manufacturing industry in China. There are about thirty or forty leather workshops in Tianjin, mainly concentrated in the southwest corner, Taipingzhuang, Nankai Avenue, Nanda Avenue and Huajiachang. \x0d\ machine processing industry \x0d\ machine processing industry developed in the "New Deal" period in the triangle stone area, which began to sprout in the late Qing Dynasty. By 19 14, there are 17 iron workshops and factories in this area. It reached its peak in the 1920s and 1930s. Before 1937, there were about 300 factories engaged in the manufacture of cast iron and machinery in Santiaoshi area, which became the famous "Tiechang Street" at that time. Guo Tianxiang Machinery Factory, founded in 19 18, was a famous enterprise in the heyday of Santiaoshi area, and registered its trademark at that time. 1926 Fujuxing Machinery Factory. \x0d\ Other industries \x0d\ Main projects: Tianjin Tramway Electric Light Co., Ltd. and French Electric Light Room \x0d\ During the prosperous period, Tianjin's modern national capital industries were various and famous for their industrial brands, except for large-scale industries such as textiles, grain and oil processing, machine processing and marine chemicals. For example, Tianjin Danhua Match Company was formed by the merger of Huachang Company and Beiping Feng Dan Match Factory in 19 17, which was the largest match factory in China at that time. Danhua Match Company, together with Tianjin Beiyang Company, Zhonghua Company and Rongxing Company, occupied the main markets all over China. Glass Company was founded in 192 1 year, which is the first Sino-foreign joint venture glass enterprise in China. The company's board of directors and headquarters are located in Tianjin, with Chinese investment and Belgian patent, and the factory is located in Qinhuangdao. 1929, Chen Tiaofu and others founded Tianjin Yongming Paint Factory, which was the first to make phenolic varnish "Yongming Paint"; 193 1 year later, through research and development, aldehyde cellulose paint and nitrocellulose paint were produced successively; 1948, alkyd resin paint has been successfully developed, which can be brushed, sprayed and baked. Tianjin coating industry has long been in the leading position in China. According to incomplete statistics at that time, from 19 12 to 1928, there were 247 private capital manufacturers in Tianjin, with a total capital of about 82.427 million yuan, involving 66 industries. Among them, there are 0/407 textile enterprises with a total capital of 26.87 million yuan, accounting for 30% of Tianjin's national industrial capital at that time, ranking first in both the number of production enterprises and the capital scale; There are more than 280 chemical enterprises with a total capital of over 1 1 10,000 yuan; Food industry 130, with a total capital of 8.55 million yuan. From 1900 to 1937, foreign-funded enterprises also developed in Tianjin. From 190 1 to 1928, foreign businessmen have set up about 90 factories in Tianjin with a total capital of about 30 million yuan. From 1928 to 1937, * * 1 1 the state invested and built a 2 17 factory in Tianjin. Among them, well-known foreign-funded enterprises include Tianjin Tram Electric Co., Ltd., Electricite de France and Mobil Oil Company, which were established in 1904 Belgium. \ x0d \ x0d \ War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period \x0d\ 1937 After the Japanese army occupied Tianjin and North China, the General Administration of North China Construction was established to co-ordinate the urban construction affairs in North China, and the "North China Development Plan" was formulated many times, emphasizing the two principles of resource development and traffic construction. Tianjin is planned as a transportation hub for transporting materials to Japan. However, after the outbreak of the Pacific War, Japan's invasion strategy changed to meet the needs of the war. In addition to its role as a transportation hub, Tianjin has also become one of the cities in northern China that have been engaged in industrial construction for a long time. Therefore, Japan has successively formulated the Outline of Tianjin Metropolitan Area Planning, Tanggu Metropolitan Area Planning and Greater Tianjin Metropolitan Area Planning in Tianjin. 1939, the Urban Planning Outline of Tianjin issued by the Metropolitan Bureau of North China Construction General Administration to the Tianjin Special Municipal Office aims to turn Tianjin into a big trading port, commercial city and industrial base in the north of China. \x0d\ After the fall of Tianjin, a large number of industrial enterprises such as Dagu Wharf of Beiyang Navy and Qi Xin Lime Company were occupied by the Japanese invaders. Li Yong Soda Plant and Jiuda Refined Salt refused to cooperate with the Japanese aggressors, so the headquarters of Li Yong Company was forced to temporarily move from Tianjin to Hongkong, and the factory led technicians and workers to evacuate to Sichuan. After being occupied by the Japanese army, the Dagu Wharf of Beiyang Navy became a "military prison". The Japanese invaders successively established Tanggu Transportation Company and Tianjin Shipping Association in Tianjin, and its shipbuilding department has two factories in Dagu. The East Factory is newly built, and the West Factory is Dagu Shipyard, entrusted to the Military Management Factory. The six major cotton mills in Tianjin were successively merged by bureaucratic capital and Japanese capital. Hengyuan Cotton Mill and Beiyang Cotton Mill were taken over by Chengfu Trust Company with bureaucratic capital at 1925 and 1936 respectively. Yuda Cotton Mill and Baocheng Cotton Mill were resold to Dafu Company, a joint venture of Toyo Promotion Agency and Itochu Corporation, with 1933 and 1935 respectively. Yuyuan Cotton Mill and Huaxin Cotton Mill were also auctioned to Japanese-owned Zhongyuan Textile Co., Ltd. on 1936, and were changed to No.6 Factory and No.7 Factory respectively. In addition, Japanese capital has built four new cotton mills in Tianjin: Yufeng, Shanghai, Shuangxi and Dakang. \x0d\ During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Tianjin became the rear base of Japanese invasion of China. In order to provide the materials needed for military aggression, Japan has therefore built some military-related enterprises in Tianjin, such as North China Machinery Company of Japan and Zhongshan Iron and Steel Research Institute of Japan. During this period, important enterprises established in Japan included Beizhi Automobile Company and Hangu Factory of Toyo Chemical Industry Company ... During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin machinery industry developed greatly, which changed the industrial structure and improved the technical composition to a certain extent. Until the end of the Japanese surrender war, there were more than 300 machinery factories in Tianjin. After \x0d\, these factories and their subordinate research institutions became an important part of industry in People's Republic of China (PRC) and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. For example, after the liberation of Zhongshan Iron and Steel Plant, the Hangu Plant of Toyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. was renamed Tianjin Chemical Plant, and Japan Huabei Machinery Co., Ltd. is today's electric locomotive factory. China Textile Construction Company was established after receiving the former Japanese textile enterprises in China. In the future, Wynn Alkali Industry Company Huanghai Chemical Industry Research Institute will merge all the property and personnel of the Institute into China Academy of Sciences and become the Institute of Industrial Chemistry of China Academy of Sciences. \x0d\