Dinosaurs are always people’s favor and favorite! Why? They once lived and dominated the Mesozoic Era; leaving behind clues and fragments of fossils. Extinct overnight, the dinosaurs are no longer with us, and they are completely different from any living animal. Scientists have studied for a century and a half and uncovered a series of mysteries, while leaving more confusion and unsolved mysteries. Dinosaurs grew fur and children went crazy; overnight, paleontologists reopened the century-old debate about the grudges between dinosaurs and birds. I'm surprised that almost everything I firmly believe is wrong and a myth. What is the truth about dinosaurs? Dinosaurs, fascinating dinosaurs! Let us dance with the dragon through the carefully arranged feast of the Millennium Year of the Dragon.
The flying dragon is in the sky, and the loon is lurking in the water
The word dinosaur (Dinosaur) was proposed by the British anatomical paleontologist Richard Owen in 1842. This is a combination of the Greek prefix deinos, which means fearful of cloth, and the suffix sauros, which means lizard. This term has different glyphs and pronunciations in different countries’ languages. The most interesting one was when a Kikuyu tribesman asked puzzledly, how can we give a name to something that we don't fully know whether it exists? So among the Kikuyu tribe, there is no word for "dinosaur"!
What is a dinosaur, after all? Scientifically, the group of dinosaurs must be defined as an evolutionary concept. It must include all the groups of animals descended from the earliest common ancestor. Due to the incompleteness of the fossil record, we may never be able to find and determine who the true ancestors of all dinosaurs are; however, we can recognize this group by determining the unique characteristics they inherited and inherited from the earliest dinosaurs. of all members. In the family tree classification, the most shared characteristics derived from dinosaurs are closely related to the way they migrate: (1) The hind limbs are located directly below the body, swinging on the front-to-back plane, and have a completely upright posture; ( 2) The pelvis is completely vertical; (3) The upper edge of the acetabulum bears the weight of the body and expands into a bony rim to support the femur. Therefore, the two most critical features shared by dinosaurs are: the acetabular socket has a central hole; and the acetabulum has an enlarged bony rim.
Flying dragons are in the sky, but pterosaurs are not dinosaurs. Soaring in the sky, leisurely and contentedly, they are the closest relatives to dinosaurs among the archosaurs! The fourth finger of the forelimb stretches and extends to support the wing membrane; they were the leaders of the Mesozoic sky. They stepped onto the stage of evolution almost simultaneously with the dinosaurs, and also ended together in the catastrophe of extinction almost at the same time. Only the pterosaur branch left no descendants and fell into the ashes of history. We don’t know how they fly or how they walk. Is he really like a master skier, running clumsily and weirdly on his sled?
Dragons in the water, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, phantosaurus, mosasaurs..., they are not dinosaurs. Swimming leisurely in the vast ocean waters, drifting with the current, they are a group of amniotes, a group of amniotes, and are distant relatives of dinosaurs. Adapting to the habit of swimming, the development of fish-like fin appendages and a streamlined body is also the outcome of convergent adaptive evolution.
Returning to the sea, the first night of Taipan: the birth of amniotic eggs is the key to the success of the Normandy landing test. The inability to let go of their love for water forced this group of reptiles to return to the water and develop pulp-like appendages suitable for swimming. Mesosaurs are not dinosaurs. They are witnesses of plate drift. In the waters of Gondwana 280 million years ago, Mesosaurus left a legacy of fossils; the drift of plates allowed people to live next to each other in the past. The Mesosaurus is scattered in today's South Africa, South America, Australia and Antarctica. The keen Wagner reassembled these scattered pieces and put forward the great theory of continental drift, and Zhonglong is undoubtedly a witness to plate drift.
The gradual change of dynasties
Kings have emerged from generation to generation, and each has led the way for hundreds of millions of years. The impermanence of imperial dynasties and the pulse of terrestrial vertebrates are the focus of our attention.
Throughout the history of terrestrial life, the evolutionary development and ultimate fate of the forerunners are the key to understanding the true position of dinosaurs in this large network: the first dynasty was the period between the primitive reptiles and the two dinosaurs in the Carboniferous and early Permian periods. The second dynasty was the forerunner of therapsids, mammal-like reptiles; the third dynasty was the dinosaurs that ruled the earth; and the fourth dynasty gave glory to mammals, our distant and close neighbors. On the Butuo stage, the show begins; dinosaurs inherit the past and step onto the big stage of evolution, playing an all-powerful and important role.
The mystery of the rise and extinction of the dinosaurs has been an unsolved mystery for eternity. Success or failure is judged by heroes. Are they good (good genes) if they walk around in style? Or is it good luck (good luck)? They sadly walked off the stage and wept together. Was it discomfort (poor genes)? Or misfortune (bad luck)? How do you describe Darwin's theory of natural selection and wedge-embedded hard work? What about the fossil record, the testimony of striding toward extinction? Fortune and misfortune always depend on each other, and yin and yang must complement each other; the mass extinction event before the end of the Triassic period opened an opportunity for the dinosaurs; but another mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period rang the evening bell. Success is extinct, failure is extinct, is it accident or fate? Wonderful nature!
Extinction is the fate of all life. Fossil records of nearly 600 million years of Earth history reveal five mass extinction events, which reshuffled life forms and taxa. Using copper as a mirror, you can straighten your clothes; using ancient times as a mirror, you can know the ups and downs. Scientists are still not entirely sure whether the mass extinction event 65 million years ago was caused by meteorites/comet showers of fireballs from outside the sky? Or the endless roar of the Deccan Highlands, spewing volcanic ash that covered the sky? Disasters and catastrophes are vividly visible; the bones are cold and the evidence is on display; interpretation is just a matter of scientists trying their best to tell a story as reasonably as possible.
If the light rain did not hit me on the head, the curious baby asked, what would happen to the dinosaurs? Arouse curiosity, lead imagination, build a big structure, children are the big future, this is really a critical and good question! There are 103 known locations with iridium anomalies around the world, all pointing to criminals’ killing weapons, which are comet showers/meteorites falling from the sky. The smoking muzzle points toward the scars of the Chihulub Crater in Mexico. Sixty-five million years ago, if the "light rain" had not hit me on the head, rewinding and recreating the drama of life, would evolution have followed the same trajectory? Would dinosaurs that had survived for 160 million years enlarge their brains, use tools, or even make weapons? And our mammalian ancestors, who are close and distant from us, still endure the humiliation or bear the burden of humiliation, or are they committed to survival and eking out an existence under the huge shadow? 225 million years ago, the Manicouagan crater in Quebec marked the beginning of the dinosaur dynasty; 65 million years ago, the Chicxulub crater in Yucatan Marking the end of the dinosaur dynasty. What would have happened if the light rain hadn't hit me on the head?
The oviraptor is incubating eggs?
The American Museum of Natural History in New York and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences made a splash during their expeditions and excavations in the Gobi Desert (1990-1995). The 2.5-meter-long Oviraptor fossil was found crouching in a nest with more than 20 eggs. There were embryonic larvae in the broken eggs. The restored model of Oviraptor carried the hatchlings of Dromasaurus in its mouth and returned to the nest to feed them, just like the behavior of living birds. Science evolves, and Oviraptorosaurus became Oviraptorosaurus. Relying on clues and fragments, paleontologists reconstruct the history of life, which is both interesting and fascinating!
Oviraptor philoceratops was named by paleontologist Osborn in 1924. Its peculiar head has a bird-like beak, covered with a horny sheath. The mouth has no teeth and only two bony protrusions. Is this for cracking eggshells? The truth can only be guessed, but the situation vividly depicts a furious Protoceratops returning to its nest and fighting back to the death the egg-stealer. The scientist holds the evidence in his left hand and his wild imagination in his right hand, trying to construct one legend after another.
The red dust is billowing in the desert, and the rain and clouds are covering the sky, blocking out the sun.
The dutiful "Oviraptor" stretched out its mother's warm arms to protect the breeding ground for a nest of innocent children. The frozen images of 80 million years ago are the eternal memory of the history of life; the fossils tell the legends and anecdotes of the lost world that gradually disappeared. The antiquarian plucks the heartstrings of every curious child.
How did dinosaurs give birth to children?
The birth of a shelled egg (Cleidoic egg) is a small step and a critical step in the evolution of vertebrates. Amniotes gave up their love for water for hundreds of millions of years, escaped from the water, and established the first beachhead for terrestrial settlement. Bred in the ocean, it cuts off the umbilical cord of the waves; the ocean is still the mother of all life, the nostalgia of midnight dreams. The semi-permeable mineralized shell of shelled eggs and the selective inflow and outflow of gases carefully protect the birth of life; the various bags in the amniotic membrane provide a cradle and a hotbed for the development and growth of life. Unable to escape the eternal and dark memory of the sea, I carefully harvested a vast expanse of ocean and packed it in the most private secret room, one by one with shelled eggs from the Hypersea, cleverly transforming the original water world.
Pick the bones among the eggs, and look at the dinosaurs among the bones. In 1923, Andrews found the first nest of dinosaur eggs in the Gobi Desert. This was a ground-breaking discovery, and the eternal mystery of how dinosaurs gave birth to children was solved. Half a century later, Ona discovered another mystery of how the mother dragon incubated the eggs and raised the babies in the Dragon Egg Mountains of Montana. The dinosaurs took care of the babies. In 1974, tens of thousands of dinosaur eggs were discovered in the Xixia area of ??Henan Province, China, shocking both China and the world. Is this a dinosaur laying ground? Or a dinosaur nursery? Fastidious paleontologists pick at the bones in the eggs. The exquisitely preserved bones tell the story of the peaceful sleeping posture of therizinosaur embryos hundreds of millions of years ago. The restored sleeping postures remember what dinosaurs were like in that lost world. Anecdotes about childbirth.
There are nests of fossilized eggs with different shapes, sizes, and patterns. How do we know who laid the eggs? Scientists really don't know, unless there are hidden little dinosaur embryos about to break out of the delicate eggs. The classification of eggs and the classification of dinosaurs are two parallel lines that are difficult to communicate with each other: Elongate Egg, Honeycomb Egg, Hypsilodontidae, Cluster Egg and Round Egg. It is a clever little trick. The mother dragon incubates the eggs and raises the offspring; the oviraptorosaurus crouched on the nest eggs, with its cold buttocks pressed against the eggs, for what purpose; how does a 40-meter sauropod dinosaur lay eggs? How to hatch eggs? Did Ankylosaurus hatch eggs? Did ceratopsians hatch eggs? Did Tyrannosaurus rex hatch eggs? A series of interesting and fascinating questions are waiting for you and me to answer!
Dinosaur’s Recipe
Food and sex are the two major factors of evolution. How dinosaurs gave birth to children is the most fascinating issue; how dinosaurs filled their bellies was the most complex behavior and mechanism. Like all living animals, at the bottom of the dinosaur food chain were communities of plants and various species that ate plants. These basic groups provide carnivores and carrion eaters, who forage in groups or prey on individual prey alone. The sun provides energy for plants; plants provide energy for animals.
Darwin believed that the drama of ecology is a complex choreography of plots, a continuous struggle between competitors, predators and prey, the so-called "nature's bloody teeth" "The Battle with the Claw". However, most of the drama is rooted in the evolutionary relationships that occur in daily interactions. In order to plunder and process their daily feast of food, some dinosaurs developed extremely specific equipment, such as grasping forelimbs, freely swinging hooks, teeth for grinding food, or even fermentation vats for digesting large amounts of fibrous food—i.e. , the ribs hold up the big belly.
There are only two ways for dinosaurs to forage: eat a salad meal of plants, or eat each other. For vegetarians, it is easy to obtain, but difficult to digest; for meat eaters, it is easy to decompose and digest, but difficult to obtain. Brachiosaurs used teeth and stomach stones to digest a ton of salad meals every day; hadrosaurs developed amazing teeth, cheeks and jaw muscles for crushing and chewing plants; ceratopsians developed sharp, narrow The beak has an array of scissor-like teeth.
Each evolved a different type of chewing strategy: sauropods specialized in specialized retrieval; hadrosaurs were equipped with specialized food disposal; and ceratopsians developed specialized food screening.
The shape of the mouth often reveals the dinosaur's foraging strategy and its adaptive shape. The broad, flat mouth of ankylosaurs is a generalized plant-eater; the narrow mouth of small ornithopods is a specialized plant-eater that carefully selects food; Oviraptorosaurus has a specialized beaked mouth with an inverted bottom. Is it foraging for eggs or shellfish? It is still unclear, but it is obvious that their recipes are very special and carefully selected. Carnivorous dinosaurs had no regular, readily available food source, so they developed deadly sharp teeth and jaws. Allosaurus attacks in small groups, preying on the living or dead bodies of groups of Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, or Hadrosaurus. They were undoubtedly the super hunting machines of the Mesozoic Era. Some scientists are convinced that tyrannosaurs were not really predators, but super carrion-eating dinosaurs. This may involve the most fundamental issue of large, carnivorous dinosaurs: were they endothermic ("warm-blooded") or ectothermic ("cold-blooded")? Therefore, is a larger or smaller amount of food required?
Do they eat meat or vegetarian food? How do we know? Dinosaurs can be mainly divided into the carnivorous theropod family; and the plant-eating sauropod family and ornithischian family. Based on the comprehensive analysis of tooth form, tooth abrasive surfaces, jaw function, body blueprint morphology, bone isotope chemical analysis, stomach residual materials, fecal fossils, and the accumulation environment, we can make reasonable inferences.
Descendants of the dragon, the hometown of the dragon
Half a century ago, the Chinese excavated, studied, restored and mounted the first dinosaur, which stood with its head held high in Beipei, Chongqing. Lufengosaurus huenei is about 6 meters long and stands up to 3 meters tall. It is the father of Chinese vertebrate paleontology. It was the result of many years of cold and heat when academician Yang Zhongjian lived in Wayao Village, Kunming. The descendants of the dragon have since opened up a new field of dinosaur research; the totem of the dragon and the science of dinosaurs have since gone their separate ways.
Mr. Yang travels between the worlds of science and humanities, and writes poems to express his ambition: Thousands of years ago, there was a hero who was named Xu's Lufeng Dragon. The variety is limited to two continents, but the luck is short and ends in three layers. The reconstruction still shows its majestic appearance, and the image should retain the ancient style. Three hundred skeletons are recorded in one volume, and they are given to the world to study the similarities and differences. The grass is flying and the passion is unrestrained, typical of the past.
China is the homeland of dinosaurs. The word "dragon bone" was first recorded in the Huayang National Chronicles of the Jin Dynasty (265-317A.D.). Dragon bones were excavated in today's Sichuan Province, which are most likely the fossils of Jurassic dinosaurs. The "dragon" is an auspicious beast in ancient Chinese legends and the totem of the entire civilization. The dragon totem developed into an image with "antlers like a deer, head like a camel, eyes like a rabbit, neck like a snake, belly like a mirage, scales like a carp, claws like an eagle, palms like a tiger, and ears like an ox". Due to the prestige of the imperial power, dragon bones and teeth have become one of the flavors of traditional Chinese medicine. Drinking these horse fossil teeth and mammal fossil bones can nourish yin and yang. For five thousand years, the Chinese have deeply believed that there will be strong upward force.
The sauropod family, which is distributed throughout China, is the giant of the Mesozoic era. Children's impressions of dinosaurs are huge, slow, stupid, and doomed to failure, which mostly come from the traditional concept of this group of dinosaurs. Are they really so? From the earliest prosauropod Lufengosaurus in the Jurassic; to this petite Chorosaurus in the middle Jurassic, which is a relative of Camarasaurus and a juvenile; to the giant larvae in the late Jurassic Emeisaurus, which is a relative of Diplodocus. In the landscape of Jurassic Park, the branches and leaves are sparse and full of life; the golden sunshine shines all over the earth. Emei dragons gather in groups, calling for friends, and leisurely nibbling the young leaves of the treetops. The years are frozen in the mountains and forests.
Elephants have long trunks; dinosaurs have long necks. The trunk of an elephant swings dexterously, but can the neck of a dinosaur move freely? Or stiff and stiff? Are they holding their heads high? Or swinging horizontally? It's like a crane that uses the principle of leverage. The upper part is relaxed due to tension, and the lower part is subjected to compression force.
The long neck of sauropod dinosaurs is a compromise between the principle of mechanical power levers and the structure of living segmented cervical vertebrae. The tensile unit on the dorsal side is composed of muscles, tendons, and tendons; while the non-compressible unit on the ventral side is composed of mineralized bone or cartilage. Apatosaurus (Apatosaurus) has a dorsally tightened type and can move freely; Mamenchisaurus, Emeisaurus, and Camarasaurus have a ventral tightened type and cannot naturally swing freely; Diplodocus has a dual system type. The neck is very long, but it cannot move freely. Behavior, noted in the structure of skeletal interlocking.
From the earliest days of the Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous, Professor Dong Zhiming classified Chinese dinosaurs into ten combination zones, demonstrating the gradual change of dynasties:
(1) Lufengosaurus-Bianshitherian assemblage zone [Lufengsaurus, Dilophosaurus; the earliest Jurassic period]
(2) Yunnanosaurus-Sinosaurus assemblage zone [Early Jurassic]
(3) Shusaurus assemblage zone [Qiaolong, Monophosaurus; mid-Jurassic]
(4) Emeisaurus-Sichuanosaurus assemblage zone [Emeisaurus, Tuojiangsaurus; Late Jurassic]
(5) Mamenchisaurus-Yongchuanosaurus combination zone [Mamenchisaurus, Yongchuanosaurus, Yandusaurus; Late Jurassic]
( 6) Psittacosaurus assemblage zone [Psittacosaurus, Sinosaurus ornithomimus, Junggar pterosaur; Early Cretaceous]
(7) Protobarkosaurus assemblage zone (Middle Cretaceous)
(8) Bacosaurus assemblage zone [Asian ancient Ornithomimus; Late Cretaceous]
(9) Protoceratops assemblage zone [Protoceratops, Paintosaurus, Velociraptor; Late Cretaceous 〕
(10) Nanxiongsaurus assemblage zone [latest Cretaceous period]
In the special exhibition, except for (2), (7), and (10), the other seven assemblages The band has representative members. The nineteen restored specimens of dinosaur skeletons completely represent members of two major branches and five major families.
Dinosaurs grew hair, and children went crazy
Finding feathers on the bodies of dinosaurs has been a dream of vertebrate paleontologists for many years. John H. Ostron searched for the fossil treasure house in Solnhofen, Germany, but returned disappointed; in the end, he got what he wanted in faraway Liaoxi, China.
Chinese dragon bird? Sinornithosaurus?
Puzzling the eyes of paleontologists around the world, people saw the hope of feathered dinosaurs for the first time. Dinosaurs Take Wing! drives all the kids crazy and makes all the dinosaur experts panic. The appearance of Primordial Archeopteryx and Taiyuduosaurus dealt a series of heavy blows. They are covered with real feathers, with rachis and barbules. Feather is no longer the symbol and patent of "Birds"! In 1999, Xu Xing amazed the world again.
Beipiaoosaurus not only adds a new member to the family of furry dinosaurs, but also has feathers all over its body. The subsequent publication of Millennium Sinornithosaurus is not only the most complete preserved group of dromaeosaurs known in the world, but also further preserves a more exquisite down feather structure. Galloping up, eyes wide open in astonishment; the Millennium Chinese Bird Dragon is undoubtedly the most perfect treasure gifted by nature to the Millennium.
For a century and a half, the evidence of the origin and evolution of early birds has been limited to only one feather of Archeopteryx, seven bone fossil specimens; and the rather advanced crepuscular birds and Ichthyornis in the late Mesozoic Era. Sporadic fossils of various forms. The case is too complicated and confusing; there are too few evidences in hand. There are 34 genera of early Mesozoic birds, more than half of which were discovered after 1990. The most crucial Chinese birds occupy 7 genera and play an important role. They hugged Hou Lianhai, an authority on ancient Chinese birds, and were afraid of spreading their wings and flying away again. Archaeopteryx, Sage Confuciusornis, Petite Liaoxiornis, Bu's Eionornis, Zheng's Polo's Redbird, Yandu Chinese Bird, Six-toothed Toucan, and genuine fossils will meet you.
Want to fly: Everything is ready, just waiting for the east wind
Flying is the unexpected ending of a series of accidental events. Is that true? Hallett (1984) depicts a series of dinosaur families, imagining them from running, hunting, jumping, and soaring into the air.
Is flying a test of flying through trees, falling from the sky, gliding, and flapping wings? Or escape from trouble by rising from the ground? National Geographic Magazine (1998) describes the evolution of a series of wings, from dragons to birds, adding equipment, folding wrist joints, flapping abilities, flying wings, small wing feathers for control, to the miraculous modern wings. Fly and conquer the last habitat of nature.
The evolution of the bone design and function of modern birds has several important stages. For flying, many key and functional innovations in bones were probably made with ulterior motives in early theropod dinosaurs:
New theropods (Monophosaurus , Dilophosaurus): The bones are hollow, and the toes I that originally supported the weight are removed.
Neozygosaurus (Yongchuanosaurus): The wrist joint can rotate freely, the forelimbs are properly arranged for grasping, and the wishbone and coracoid are well developed.
Coelophyllosaurs (Sinornithosaurus): The coracoid and sternum are spread out to prepare a base for the pectoral muscles; the first feathers are insulating, and the arms are long.
Maniraptorosaurs (tailed dragons): Pioneer-style feathers with central shafts, used for display and incubation.
Bird-like (Velociraptor): The trunk is tightened to enhance the solidity of the tail vertebrae, which serves as a balance and mobility function.
Birds (primordial Archeopteryx): flight, arboreal functions; lateral shoulder joints, asymmetrical wings, inverted thumbs.
Fan-tailed bird (Confucius bird): tall bony protrusions, branch-shaped coracoid and caudal heddle.
Bird sternum (Eoenantiornithes): The trifurcated tubule is the wing rotor muscle, the small wing feathers control low-speed flight, and the rudder feathers are completely reversed for thumb grip.
Real bird (pigeon): elastic wishbone, towering dragon-shaped sternum.
Meteorites--the terminator of dinosaurs?
An unexpected event 65 million years ago caused many creatures that originally lived on land and sea to go into history, and also caused the giant dinosaurs that dominated the Mesozoic Era to disappear from the earth's stage. In the long history of the earth, the "K-T boundary" strata between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods recorded this sudden and far-reaching meteorite impact event.
Scene 1:
Scientists infer that 65 million years ago, a huge meteorite with a diameter of 10 kilometers hit the Yucatan Peninsula in present-day Mexico. The high-speed impact produced a powerful explosion, causing megatons of debris to rush into the atmosphere. Ashes and smoke obscured the sky for months, causing a massive extinction of species around the world.
Scenario 2:
An unusually high amount of iridium was found in the K-T boundary clay layer in the Gubbio region of Italy. During the Earth's differentiation process, this type of element with high specific gravity should have remained in the Earth's core. It is rarely seen in the general crust, but it is unusual in the thin clay layer with a thickness of only about one centimeter at the K-T boundary. of enrichment. Scientists speculate that the high levels of iridium may be the result of a giant meteorite falling. In fact, with the exception of Italy, abnormal enrichment of iridium elements has been found in the K-T boundary layer on land and seabed all over the world.
Scene 3:
The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) recorded this sudden event in detail in the deep-sea core drilled 563 kilometers off the coast of eastern Florida, USA. incident, and the tragic picture of the huge catastrophe suffered by global species after the impact. Before the event, the ocean was full of life and prosperity, and then a mass extinction of species suddenly occurred. After the event, the remaining species slowly recovered again, and new species appeared.
"Important meteorite impact events in recent periods"
The obsidian-like rocks (Tektites) scattered in the four major regions of North America, central Europe, Ivory Coast and Australia are the surface Found glass substance.
In recent decades, in order to verify the statement that "obsidian-like rocks are caused by meteorite impacts", scientists have found the impact sites of meteorites - impact craters - in North America, central Europe and the Ivory Coast. The rocks around the crater are closely related to the geochemical characteristics of obsidianoids in the area, which shows that obsidianoids are glassy materials formed by meteorites impacting the surface at super high speeds, causing surface materials to melt and rapidly cool.
North American obsidianites are mainly distributed in Texas and Georgia in the United States. They were caused by impacts 35 million years ago.
Moldavite in central Europe was formed during an impact event 15 million years ago and is mainly scattered in the Czech Republic.
The obsidianites in Africa's Ivory Coast are molten surface materials created by meteorite impacts 1.1 million years ago.
The Australian obsidian-like rocks formed 700,000 years ago are scattered from China’s Leizhou Peninsula in the north, through Indochina, the Philippines, Sumatra, and Thailand, and to Australia in the south, covering the earth’s surface. About one-tenth of the range.
Although the above-mentioned four important meteorite impact events will not produce as huge changes in global species as the impact event related to the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, the impact of the material splash after the impact has The coverage is so large that one can’t help but feel frightened about the scene at the time of the impact.
Postscript
"Truth" is the clouds on the horizon, and "science" is another kind of faith. Faith determines our view of nature, and nature is mysterious. Science continues to evolve, and new evidence induces new "interpretations" and hypotheses, constructing new thinking models. Popper's philosophy believes that there is no so-called truth in science that can be verified. Millions of observations cannot prove a scientific conclusion to be true, but a single observation can prove a scientific conclusion false. False propositions can thus be eliminated from the field of science, but "truth" is still searched for in unproven "speculations", searching - searching - searching - searching.