Who invented the telephone?

The development history of telephone: 1793, the Chape brothers in France set up a 230-kilometer-long support line between Paris and Lille to transmit information by relay. This is a communication system consisting of 16 signal towers. The signalman controls the different angles of the bracket through the rope and pulley at the bottom to express relevant information. At that time, France and Austria were at war, and it took only one hour for the signal system to transmit the news of Dai Shengli-on-Aceh from the Austrian army to Paris. Later, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany and Russia also established this communication system. It is said that one of Chapei's two brothers was the first person to use the word "telegram". The research on long-distance sound transmission in Europe began in17th century. Robert hooke, a famous British physicist and chemist, first put forward the suggestion of long-distance voice transmission. 1796, Hughes put forward the method of transmitting voice information through microphone relay, and called this communication method-telephone, which has continued to this day. 1832, American doctor Jackson told the passengers about the principle of electromagnet on a mail ship sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. Among the passengers, American painter Morse, 4 1 year-old, was deeply attracted. At that time, the French signal system could only send miles of information visually. Morse dreamed of using electric current to transmit electromagnetic signals and instantly send information thousands of miles away. Since then, Morse's life has undergone fundamental changes. Morse's inspiration comes from the fact that the current flowing in the conductor will spark in generate when the conductor is suddenly cut off: if the current is cut off as a signal, the current is turned on without spark as another signal, and the current is turned on for a long time as a signal, these three signals can represent all letters and numbers together, and words can be transmitted to a distance through the current. 1837, Morse finally designed the famous Morse code, which used different combinations of "dot", "dash" and "interval" to represent letters, numbers, punctuation and symbols. 1844 On May 24th, Morse personally operated the telegraph in the meeting room of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol in Washington. With a series of "dot" and "dash" signals, Baltimore, 64 kilometers away, received the world's first telegram composed of "beep" and "click". Who invented the telephone? At present, the recognized inventor of the telephone is Bell, who applied for the telephone patent right in the US Patent Office on February 1876. In fact, just two hours after he applied, a man named E Gray also applied for a telephone patent. Before the two of them, many people in Europe were already doing ideas and research in this field. As early as 1854, the telephone principle was conceived by the Frenchman Bausal, and the idea was repeated by the German rice six years later. The principle is that two thin metal sheets are connected by wires. When one side makes a sound, the metal plate vibrates and becomes electricity, and the electricity is transmitted to the other side. But this is just an idea. The problem is the structure of microphone and receiver, and how to convert the mechanical energy of sound into electrical energy and transmit it. At first, Bell used electromagnetic switches to form on-off pulse signals, but this method obviously didn't work for such high-frequency sound waves. The final success came from an accidental discovery. 1June 2, 875, in an experiment, he connected a metal plate to an electromagnetic switch. Unexpectedly, in this state, the sound becomes a wonderful current. According to the analysis principle, the original metal sheet induces current in the connected electromagnetic switch coil due to sound vibration. Now it seems that this principle is known to all students who have studied junior high school physics, but it is undoubtedly a very important discovery for Bell at that time. Gray's design principle is different from Bell's, which uses the resistance change of the liquid inside the microphone, while the receiver is exactly the same as Bell's. 1877, Edison obtained the invention patent of carbon particle microphone. At the same time, many people have made various improvements to the way the telephone works. The patent dispute is complicated, and it didn't come to an end until 1892. One of the reasons for this situation was that the largest Western Union telegraph company in the United States bought the patents of Gray and Edison at that time and confronted Bell's telephone company. Due to the long-term patent dispute, the two sides reached an agreement. Western Union Telegraph Company fully recognized Bell's patent right and never set foot in the telephone industry again. In exchange, it shared 20% of Bell's income in 17. In the decades after the invention of the telephone, a large number of patents were applied around the operation and technology of the telephone. Strowger's "automatic dialing system" reduces all kinds of problems caused by manual wiring, the application of dry battery reduces the volume of telephone, and the application of loading coil reduces the signal loss of long-distance transmission. 1906, Li De invented the electronic test tube, and its amplification function led the direction of telephone service. Later, Bell Telephone Laboratory made an electronic triode based on this, and this research is of great significance. 1915 65438+1On October 25th, the first cross-regional telephone line was opened between new york and San Francisco. It uses 2500 tons of copper wire, 6.5438+0.3 million telephone poles and numerous load coils, and also uses three vacuum tube amplifiers along the way to strengthen the signal. On July 1948, scientists at Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. This is not only of great significance to the development of telephone, but also has great influence on all aspects of human life. In the following decades, a large number of new technologies appeared, such as the production of integrated circuits and the application of optical fibers, which played a very important role in the development of communication systems. Telephone After the Opium War in China, while the western powers plundered land and wealth in China, they also brought modern postal services and telecommunications to China. 1900, the first local telephone in China came out in Nanjing; 1904 to 1905, the Russian side set up a radio station from Yantai to Niuzhuang. The ancient postal system and non-governmental communication institutions in China have been gradually replaced by advanced postal services and telecommunications. During the Republic of China, China's post and telecommunications were still under the control of western powers. Coupled with years of war, communication facilities are often destroyed. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese imperialists reformed and expanded the telecommunication network system for the need of war and the purpose of trying to rule China for a long time. They took advantage of China's backward economy and technology and the corruption of the political system at that time to control the telecommunications industry in China from the aspects of technology, equipment, maintenance and management. Before 1949, China's telecommunications system developed slowly. By 1949, the telephone penetration rate in China was only 0.05%, and there were only 260,000 telephone users. After 1949, the central people's government quickly resumed and developed communications. The Beijing Telegraph Building, completed in 1958, became an important milestone in the development history of new China communication. Ten years of "Cultural Revolution", post and telecommunications suffered another blow, and business development stagnated. By 1978, the national telephone penetration rate was only 0.38%, which was lower than the world level of110. The total number of telephones owned by China15 population is less than 1% of the total number of telephones in the world, and there is less than one telephone for every 200 people, which is 75 years behind the United States! The automation rate of switches is low, most counties and rural areas still use "crank", and long-distance transmission mainly depends on open wire and analog microwave. Even in Beijing, 20% of long-distance calls can't be connected every day, and 15% of long-distance calls can't be connected until 1 hour. Visitors to the telegraph building must queue up with lunch. 1978 The national telephone capacity was 3.59 million, with 2140,000 users, with a penetration rate of 0.43%. After the reform and opening up, the backward communication network has become the bottleneck of economic development. Since the mid-1980s, the government of China has accelerated the construction of basic telecommunication facilities. By March 2003, the number of fixed telephone users had reached 2,256.26 billion, and the number of mobile telephone users had reached 2,265.438+0.498+0 billion. At all times, many people are trying to transmit information faster and better. During the telecom development of 100 years, people have tried various communication methods: the original telegrams used expressions similar to "numbers" to convey information; So there appeared a telephone that used analog signals to transmit information; With the development of science and technology, the digital model has been paid attention to again with its obvious advantages. The historical wheels of digital program-controlled switching, digital mobile phone and optical fiber digital transmission are still advancing. Since the invention of the telephone in a hundred years, great changes have taken place from the working principle to the shape design. Please follow us on the road of telephone development for a hundred years. These telephones are the collections of antique telephone collectors all over the world. 1878, hand-held telephone This telephone was made in Germany by Werner Siemens on 1878. Its receiver and microphone are the same, and they are used alternately when listening and speaking. In 1879, the box phone is equipped with a magnetic generator made of mahogany by viaduct manufacturing company and a cylindrical receiver. 1880, Bell Telephone This is the first telephone used in Europe. It replaces the telegraph and is more advanced than the magnetophone with handle. 188 1, 1882, wall-mounted telephone with magnetic generator.