If you apply for a PhD in graduate school in the United States, the probability of getting a full scholarship is still very high.
1. Hardware factors: GPA, school, TOEFL, GRE/GMAT
GPA is really important. If you still have room for improvement, you must do well in the school’s final exam. Improve your GPA and apply for a doctorate. Your GPA must be at least 3.0, preferably above 3.5;
School, if you are at one of the major domestic schools with a tradition of going abroad, that’s great. There are many resources available. "If not, it doesn't matter. Don't be frustrated and do whatever you need to do." Often, talented people from ordinary schools are much better than ordinary people from elite schools.
TOEFL, I feel that the new TOEFL and old Americans still value it very much. Many schools will also set a minimum threshold for a single subject. Especially for students who are interested in applying for TA, the oral language test must be passed. Many schools will set a minimum threshold for each subject. For those who pass the oral test, some require 23 points, and some require 26 points or even higher. Even if you don't apply for TA, your oral English should preferably be 22 and at least 19.
GRE/GMAT, try your best to pass the test. Although the United States is not just about scores, competition is fierce now. People around you are very high, and you can't do it if you are low. Some good schools do not set a minimum score, but generally give an average score for admissions in previous years. For science and engineering GRE, this score is generally 500 or above in reading, 700 or above in mathematics, and 4 or above in writing. The best GMAT for business majors is 700 or above.
2. Software Factors Scientific Research Background and Thesis
Needless to say the importance of scientific research background. The reason why you are recruited to study for a PhD is to do research. Excellent scientific research experience, even if it cannot turn things around. It can also make you stand out among a large number of application materials and make an impression. A scientific research background is definitely useful, but how useful it is depends on the quality of the specific work you do and how quickly you put it in your application materials. We can discuss the details later.
The paper is very direct. It not only reflects your research ability, but also reflects your ability to write and publish papers. Of course it is better if the paper is of high quality. Without too much quality, at least it can show your research potential and interest to the other school.
TA and RA refer to both teaching assistantships. TA helps with teaching, including teaching small group discussion classes, correcting homework, etc. RA, helps professors with research experiments.