The history of aspirin is as long as human civilization, from the initial anti-inflammatory and analgesic to the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and then to its latest research progress in the fields of tumors. There is no doubt that aspirin is a "magic medicine", however, this "magic medicine" seems to have the possibility of falling off the "altar"
1500- 1800 BC, willow bark-mysterious and mysterious grassroots period.
BC 1534, the ancient Egyptians used willow to relieve inflammation and pain. In 400 BC, the ancient Greeks gave women willow leaves to decoct tea to relieve childbirth pain; In the past 200 years, the ancients in China used willow bark to treat all kinds of common diseases in life; 1758, the British priest found that dried willow bark was effective for malaria fever and pain.
The ancient Chinese recorded the indications of willow bark earlier and more completely. According to Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, the roots, bark, branches and leaves of willow can be used as medicine, which has the effects of resolving phlegm, improving eyesight, clearing away heat and toxic materials, inducing diuresis and preventing wind, and external application can treat toothache. Compendium of Materia Medica says that decoction of willow leaves can cure painstaking efforts, relieve pain and treat scabies; Root bark of willow branches, boiling wine, gargling toothache, frying yellow and turbid; Catkin can stop bleeding and treat wet spleen and limb contracture.
What opportunity did this grassroots seize to rewrite its own destiny and let it sweep through every family, rich or poor. 17 and 18 centuries, during the European Renaissance, the rapid development of organic chemistry solved the eternal mystery of willow bark.
Its effective molecule-salicylic acid.
1820- 1900, vertical and horizontal history of aspirin discovery.
1828, French pharmacist Leroux and Italian chemist Piria successfully purified salicin, and aspirin officially came on stage. 1838, Piria extracted a more effective compound from crystal and named it salicylic acid. 1852, gerhardt, a Canadian chemistry professor, discovered the molecular structure of salicylic acid and synthesized salicylic acid by chemical method for the first time. However, this compound is impure and unstable, so no one cares.
/kloc-in the late 20th century, salicylate began a long journey of clinical research; 1876, British doctor Maclagan published the first clinical study containing salicylate in The Lancet. This study found that salicin can relieve fever and joint inflammation in patients with rheumatism, while sodium salicylate is used to relieve fever, pain and arthritis, gout and other diseases.
1897, German chemist Hoffman reacted salicylic acid with acetic anhydride to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid. 1899, the patent application for aspirin invention was approved; Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Germany officially produced aspirin, and since then aspirin has become a very popular drug in the world. Bayer has established an aspirin production base all over the world.
The doom of Bayer's patents and trademarks
19 14 years, World War I broke out and swept across Europe, Asia, America and America. Bayer Company soon became a victim of the war, and its production and sales were seriously affected. 19 19, Germany was defeated, and Bayer's overseas assets (patents and trademarks) were obtained as war compensation by the victorious countries, Britain, France and the United States.
After the war, in the United States and Canada, Sterling Pharmaceutical Company obtained the right to use Bayer's assets including Bayer's name and famous trademark for $5 million, and had to sell aspirin in the United States under another name. 1994, Bayer repurchased the property rights of aspirin from the United States for $65,438 billion.
Aspirin's status as a "magic medicine"
Aspirin is often regarded as a "panacea", which is used as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug to prevent platelet aggregation at damaged blood vessels and has anticoagulant effect. Aspirin is used to treat some inflammatory diseases, such as Kawasaki disease, pericarditis and rheumatic fever. Long-term use by high-risk patients can prevent heart disease, stroke and thrombosis, and prevent some cancers, especially rectal cancer. More than 30 countries and regions around the world have approved it for primary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.
Controversy about this "magic drug"
Aspirin is controversial in widely used primary prevention. 20 19 was included in the 13 RCT test. Meta-analysis of patients with *** 164225 shows that it plays a certain role in preventing diseases, but it also significantly increases the incidence of hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage and severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. In short, the risk of side effects of long-term use of bleeding will be greater than the possibility of preventing bleeding. How to treat magic and controversy is still very important in primary prevention. The risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases/bleeding should be evaluated according to the condition before use, and individualized and standardized treatment is the king.
New clinical uses of aspirin
In recent years, related research shows its new clinical indications, preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, improving depression and schizophrenia, and significantly slowing down the process of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Its application in other tumors is also under study.