Basic introduction Chinese name: average execution speed of single-word long fixed-point instruction? Mbth: millions of instructions per second Category: number of machine language instructions established: 1998 Related companies, processors, related connections, problems, related companies MIPS Technologies (Nasdaq: MIPS) is the second largest semiconductor design IP company in the world and the largest analog IP company in the world. MIPS technology has more than 250 customers all over the world, providing power for many of the most popular digital consumption, broadband, wireless, Internet and portable media markets in the world-including Linksys broadband equipment, Sony's digital TV and entertainment system, pioneer DVD burning equipment, Motorola's digital set-top box, Cisco's network router, 32-bit microcontroller of microchip and HP's laser printer. Today, MIPS technology has more than 400 patent rights (patents and applications) around the world. Founded in 1998, the company is headquartered in Mountain View, California, USA, with offices all over the world. MIPS Technology Company is a manufacturer of high-performance, high-grade and embedded 32-bit and 64-bit processors. Generally speaking, MIPS R series microprocessors are used to build SGI's high-performance workstations, servers and supercomputer systems. In embedded system, MIPS K series microprocessor is one of the most used processors after ARM (MIPS was the most used processor in the world before 1999), and its application fields cover game machines, routers, laser printers, palmtop computers and so on. MIPS plays an important role in RISC processor. MIPS Computer Company was founded in 1984. 1992, SGI acquired MIPS computer company. 1998, MIPS broke away from SGI and became MIPS technology company. MIPS Company began to design RISC processors in the early 1980s. 1986 introduced the R2000 processor, 1988 introduced the R3000 processor, 19 1 year introduced the first 64-bit commercial microprocessor R4000. Later, models such as R8000 (in1994), R10000 (in1996) and R12000 (in1997) were introduced one after another. Subsequently, MIPS company's strategy changed, focusing on embedded systems. 1999, MIPS issued MIPS32 and MIPS64 architecture standards, which laid the foundation for the development of MIPS processors in the future. The new architecture integrates all the original MIPS instruction sets and adds many more powerful functions. MIPS Company has successively developed a 32-bit processor core with high performance and low power consumption (MIPS 324 KC) and a 64-bit processor core with high performance (MIPS64 5Kc). In 2000, MIPS Company released MIPS32 4Kc version and 64-bit MIPS 64 20Kc processor core. MIPS is a very popular RISC processor in the world. MIPS means "microprocessor without interlocking pipeline stages", and its mechanism is to avoid data-related problems in the pipeline by using software as much as possible. It was originally developed by a research team led by Professor Hennessy of Stanford University in the early 1980s. The R series of MIPS company is the microprocessor of RISC industrial products developed on this basis. These series products are adopted by many computer companies to form various workstations and computer systems. MIPS Technology Company is a famous chip design company in America. It uses RISC to design chips. Compared with CISC adopted by Intel, RISC has the advantages of simpler design and shorter design cycle, and can apply more advanced technology to develop faster next-generation processors. MIPS is one of the earliest commercial RISC architecture chips. The new architecture integrates all the original MIPS instruction sets and adds many more powerful functions. MIPS processor is the focus of RISC CPU design in the mid-1980s. MIPS is the best-selling RISC CPU. MIPS products can be seen everywhere, such as Sony, Nintendo's game consoles, Cisco routers and SGI supercomputers. At present, with the competition of RISC architecture of x86 chip, MIPS may be the only profitable one in the original RISC CPU design in this century. Compared with Intel, MIPS has a lower licensing fee, and most chip manufacturers adopt MIPS except Intel. MIPS has advanced architecture and design concept, and its instruction system has developed very well through general processor instruction systems MIPS I, MIPS II, MIPS III, MIPS IV to MIPS V, and embedded instruction systems MIPS 16, MIPS32 to MIPS64. MIPS emphasizes the cooperation of hardware and software to improve performance and simplify hardware design. China Godson 2 and the previous generation products all adopt 64-bit MIPS instruction architecture, which is incompatible with the commonly known X86 instruction architecture. MIPS instruction architecture was created by MIPS Company and belongs to RISC system. In the past, MIPS architecture products mostly appeared in the field of workstations, and "emotion engine" used in Sony PS2 game consoles also adopted MIPS instructions. The performance of these MIPS processors is very strong, and Godson 2 also belongs to this camp, and it is fully compatible with the above products in terms of software. MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second, that is, the number of millions of instructions executed by a computer per second. It is an index to measure the speed of a computer. Now the frequency of CPU is getting higher and higher, pipeline, superscalar calculation, dual-core and multi-core. It is unscientific to measure the speed of a computer simply by clock frequency, and it is relatively reasonable to measure it by MIPS. The recommended maximum operating frequency of S3C44B0X with ARM7 as the core is 66MHz. According to the technical data provided by ARM, the operation speed of Cortex A9 CPU can be calculated according to the following formula: MIPS=0.9×MHz, from which it can be concluded that the highest operation speed of the old model of Arm 7 series S3C44B0X is about 0.9×66MHz=59.4MIPS, and it usually takes 12 or 24 clock cycles for 6M 5 1 MCU to complete/kloc-. In this way, I preliminarily estimate that the operation speed of 6M 5 1 single chip microcomputer should be between 0.2 and 0.5 MIPS. It can be seen that there is still a huge difference in the operation speed between 8-bit computers and 32-bit computers. Take AVR as an example, its data throughput can reach 1 MPs/MHz, that is, the oscillation frequency of 1MHz can reach 1 MPs. To sum up, it is reasonable to measure computer speed with MIPS. For different CPUs, the highest working frequency is different, and the data throughput rate is also different, so it cannot be generalized. MIPS in the problem is the rate of instruction execution, which stipulates that performance is inversely proportional to execution time. The faster the computer, the higher the MIPS value. On the surface, MIPS is easy to understand and intuitive. In fact, there are three problems in using MIPS as a measure of performance. First of all, MIPS specifies the speed of instruction execution, but does not consider the ability of instruction. We can't use MIPS to compare computers with different instruction sets, because the number of instructions is definitely different. Secondly, different programs will have different MIPS on the same computer, so a computer will not have only one MIPS value. For example, after substituting MIPS, CPI and clock frequency into the execution time, we can get MIPS = instruction number/(execution time * 10 6) = instruction number/(instruction number * CPI/ clock frequency * 10 6) = clock frequency /(CPI * 10 6). Finally, and most importantly, if a new program executes more instructions, but each instruction executes faster, MIPS changes regardless of performance.