By the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there had been many records of the use of calligraphy, such as Song Wangpu's "Tang Yaohui? On February 26, 2003, Jinglong, the ministries had to play an important event. Three days ago, a performance was recorded for senior officers to detain themselves. "Song and Huang (A.D.1079 ~118) wrote in" The Legacy of Dongguan ":"As written by the Tang people, Emperor Wen ordered the civil servants to play the true grass, and the name should not be grass. Later generations were named after grass flowers, and Wei Wei Wu Yun also. Song (1 123- 1202) soldiers. Zhouzhuangzhong':' In Zhouzhuangzhong, it was suggested that in the second year of the senior high school entrance examination, I dreamed of going to court, and one person held a written order as collateral. Song Zhou Mi (1232~ 1298) wrote a cloud called Miscellaneous Knowledge of Xingui: "The ancients used the word' Huayin' to name flowers, such as the Five Clouds of Wei and Wei. 」; Huang quoted Tang Shu? The explanation of "Vow" in Biography of Wei Zhi first points out that "Vow" is not only a word, but also a symbol and totem concept. Song Shi? Gao Zongji: "You must book first and report later." Gu "the road to the sun? Miscellaneous things? The word "oath": "The collection of ancient books contains a volume of emperors and generals of the five dynasties. The so-called signers are all cursive, which is now called painting oath. Therefore, the emergence of pawn is to prevent rape and identify forgeries, and it can be further used as a symbol of credit, which has the same function as a seal.
Hua -bet writing directly expresses personal habits and creativity, and only I know what it is based on, and it is difficult for others to forge it. "Rongzhai Wubi" says: "Today, there is a big gamble on the stream. The original cloud said, "Gambling starts from the heart, and it's unknown what you remember. He also said: "Liu Duguan wanted to be named after the monster, so he left a lot of words, and I don't know why." 」
Because "gambling" and "duck" are homophonic, the history of the Three Kingdoms? Wei Zhi? "Biography of the King of Qi": "General Sima Jing will seek to abolish the emperor in order to hear about the Empress Dowager. The annotation of the Southern Song Dynasty, Shi Shuo, goes hand in hand with Wei Chunqiu: Xu Yun, the leader of the Central Committee, conspired with the ministers at lower levels, and killed him because of what he said, in order to attract him to retire from the general. In front of the book, the king of Wen entered, the emperor ate millet, and the excellent people sang: "green-headed chicken, green-headed chicken", green-headed chicken and duck. The emperor dared not send it. Emperor refers to Cao Fang, King of Qi. King Wen refers to Si Mazhao. " Duck "and" gambling "are homophonic. You Ren even sang "Qingtou Chicken", secretly urging Cao Fang to make up his mind and sign the rescript to kill Si Mazhao. This connection can be illustrated by the duck-shaped seal "Wang Ya" unearthed in Inner Mongolia (figure 1). The interpretation of "Wang" in Yuan Dynasty refers to the writing part, and "Wang" refers to the symbol part. As mentioned in the previous section, pledge means "agent", "cursive script means pledge", "signature or symbol", "abbreviated name" and "cursive script means pledge". These explanations of pledge mostly refer to signatures and signatures, and do not involve too many images and symbols. "Tang Shu? As Wei Yi Chuan said, "I only advocate that the word' I' in my book is like five clouds. At that time, people raised it and counted it as five clouds. It is not difficult to imagine that if the words "Si Si" and "Ming lue Hua" are written in a figure similar to "Five Clouds". Therefore, many symbols (non-characters) converted by characters are closely related to cursive script and text decoration applications. Wei Li's "Five Clouds" is the key data for characters to be transformed into symbols.
The result of signing your name is that after you are more proficient in writing, your handwriting naturally approaches the cursive font. Then, in order to be more efficient, anti-counterfeiting and express personal characteristics, the symbol form of "flower pledge" is naturally formed, which is the so-called "name abbreviated flower". Simple symbols are used to write quickly, instead of the signal function of signature words. Over time, it replaces the complicated and time-consuming writing of names, which is fast and convenient. So write quickly from the name or specific words. Because of the uniqueness of writing, some people often can't identify what kind of writing it is. In the remains of documents in the Jin and Tang Dynasties, it is very common to sign names or letters on documents. As for the printing time of this painting, according to Wang's "Five Lights, Fine Houses and Printing", "Only in the Tang and Song Dynasties was the title inscribed on it, and the genre was written in ink. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was replaced by an engraving". Therefore, the agency pledge system began in the Han and Jin Dynasties, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was printed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties when Wang believed that there would be seal script after the Yuan Dynasty.
Tao's Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun at the end of Yuan Dynasty records: "When containers were made in Tianbao to Late Tang Dynasty, they were cast in Jurong County, Yizhou, so there were many prison officers on them. He also said: "On Tuesday, I resigned in spite of illness and made a seal. Accordingly, the words were printed at the beginning. Gu Li of Pingzhang was unable to write his resignation because of arm disease, so Zhou Wang ordered him to "carve his name and seal". From this passage of Tao, although we can't see the form of printing, from the perspective of Tao as the Yuan Dynasty, it should be very close to the prevailing printing style in the Yuan Dynasty to say that "the printing of characters is also the beginning". This passage is also the earliest and most direct documentary record of the transition from "painting" to "printing". It can also be roughly inferred that Dow's pledge began in the next week of Guangshun's second year. Compared with writing and painting, stamping has the advantages of convenience and quickness. In addition, it has the same credential function, which is easy to identify and difficult to imitate. The way of writing letters with a brush may gradually change into the way of writing letters with a seal, which enabled the seal to develop steadily in the Song Dynasty and further reached its peak in the Yuan Dynasty.
In recent years, the Xinjiang Archaeological Team has successively cleared nearly 400 Jin and Tang tombs in the cemetery near Turpan, and * * * found more than 2,700 documents, the earliest of which was in the 9th year of the Western Jin and Qin Dynasties (AD 273), and the latest was in the year of Dali 13 of the Tang Dynasty (AD 778), which lasted for more than 500 years, and some of them held letters by "painting" (Figure 2 According to the analysis of the legal system of Dunhuang sales contracts, "the most common way to sign is to draw a finger", that is, the signer writes the contract and lists the names of both parties, witnesses and guarantors one by one after the contract. Then, according to the principle that the man draws the index finger of his left hand and the woman draws the index finger of his right hand, each person draws a finger-long line segment under his own name and horizontal lines at the fingertips and knuckles, indicating the reason for the contract. It is more common to point out the fingertip and two knuckles directly after the name, without drawing a finger length line segment. 」
It is speculated that the ancient "writing" should belong to the patent of the scribes. During the Jin and Tang dynasties, there were not many people who could hold strokes, and there were certainly not many literati in border areas, let alone those who could write and draw. For example, after the Land Lease in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are two simple ways of "drawing a picture as a record", and after Bai Huailuo's fund-raising deed, there are two ways of "drawing a picture as a record". But after all, letters are usually displayed by the length of human knuckles. Not only will there be errors in drawing knuckles, but also the length of human knuckles is common. After all, "finger painting" is not the most convenient way to win trust, and long-term use will certainly extend many disadvantages.
Since ancient times, the seal is the representative of the individual. If you have your own fees, the function of expressing trust will be greatly increased, and the convenience of signing contracts will also be greatly increased. Therefore, the inconvenient use of "drawing fingers" should be one of the reasons why "printing" is becoming more and more common. Painting and printing have the same effect as printing, but in different forms. Of course, the convenience and popularity of "seal" will inevitably directly affect the frequency of use of "seal", and it can also be said that the popularity of "seal" will lead to the gradual decline of "finger painting".
This change conforms to the biological principle of survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest. However, it may also be because the seal making is not popular and is rarely used by ordinary people, which limits the rapid growth of pawn printing. Another reason for the popularity of pledge seal is that Mongolians entered the Central Plains in the period after Mongolia entered China. Among the four ethnic classes divided by the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols and Semu people with the highest status don't know Chinese characters, so they "can't write vows" in their ruling exchanges, and they don't know the seal script of the Han people like the heavenly script. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tao mentioned in Volume II of the Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun: "Today, most Mongolian Semu officials can't write flowers, for example, they can print with ivory or woodcut. Those who assist the slaughter and serve the official to the first grade can use the jade book as a pledge, but they dare not use it unless they are specially given. According to Tao's explanation, the Mongolian Semu people are a nomadic people. It is easy to hold a knife and a gun, but it is especially difficult to write Chinese characters. Therefore, calligraphy was replaced by fixed calligraphy, which led to the heyday of calligraphy in Yuan Dynasty. Just as a single spark can start a prairie fire, the pawn seal, which was slightly used between the Tang and Song Dynasties, was quickly loved by officials and people.
According to the Unearthed Documents of Black City, among all kinds of documents, there are 13 types with black ink, accounting for 108. There are 12 kinds of black ink, accounting for 122. Among them, a document of Zhanchi class F 1 16: W397 has five people printed in black ink, three people signed in black ink, and eight people are counted as * * *. In this document, "seal" and "signature" are used at the same time, which is also the "joint signing" method introduced earlier. (Figure 3) If there is a signature and seal in the same official document, it means that these two methods can be used at the same time and have the same effect. This also shows that painting and seal are used at the same time, and indirectly reveals the bridge between painting and seal.