Analysis on the Coordinated Development of China National Science and Technology Industrial Park
There are 53 state-level science and technology industrial parks in China's high-tech industrial development zone. Except Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park was established in 1988, others were approved by the State Council in 199 1 and 1992 respectively, and Yangling Park was established later (1997). With the support of the state and local governments, after more than 10 years' efforts, China Science and Technology Industrial Park has adopted the mode of "land development, attracting investment, creating environment and rolling development", initially realizing the continuous accumulation of resources and original capital of science and technology industry, making important contributions to developing high-tech industries, transforming traditional industries, promoting regional economy and promoting the reform of science and technology system, and exploring a road for developing high-tech industries in China. 10 years, the high-tech industries in China's science and technology industrial parks have developed rapidly and are gradually becoming an important base for the development of high-tech industries in China. Next, we will analyze the coordinated development of the national science and technology industrial park from four aspects: development goal, development trend, development ability, development space and development mechanism (organization).
I. Development trend
According to the theory of sustainable and coordinated development and knowledge economy, the economy of China Science and Technology Industrial Park is no longer an industrial economy based on the possession and use of natural resources in the traditional sense, but an important factor mentioned by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in its report 1996 "Science, Technology and Industrial Development". At present, although there are many definitions of this new economy in the world, there is no unified evaluation index system and operational unified calculation method, but there are two viewpoints that everyone agrees: First, the input of knowledge (including R&D funds, the employment ratio of engineers and technicians, the number of patents and technical expenditures, etc.) plays an increasingly important role in various production factors; Second, the products are mainly high-tech products with high knowledge and technology content. According to the intensity of R&D investment, the OECD classified products such as computers, communications, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, aerospace and marine engineering as high-tech knowledge products. Now, we will also analyze the development trend of China Science and Technology Industrial Park from two aspects: input and output.
1. Input
In terms of investment, science and technology parks in China are generally technology-intensive parks. The so-called technology intensive, there are two very important international conventions in the 1980s: one is to stipulate that scientists and engineers account for more than 40% of employees; The second is to stipulate that R&D expenditure accounts for more than 5% of sales. At the same time, technology-intensive enterprises or high-tech enterprises meet these two conditions. We use this index system to measure the industrial technology intensity of China's science and technology parks. As China's technology is still relatively backward in general, starting from the national conditions, it is tentatively determined that scientific and technical personnel above junior college account for more than 40% of employees, and research and development funds (R&D) account for more than 4% of product sales revenue, which can be regarded as an industrial technology-intensive park; Where the proportion of scientific and technical personnel is less than 40% and more than 20%, the R&D investment is less than 4% and more than 2%, or only one of the two conditions is met, it can be regarded as a park with high industrial technology density; Where the proportion of scientific and technical personnel is less than 20% and R&D investment is less than 2%, it can be regarded as a general industrial technology concentration park. If the above three indicators are used to measure the 53 national science and technology parks in China, only 10 parks fully meet the first situation, accounting for about18.86% of the total; There are 34 companies that basically meet the second situation, accounting for 64.15% of the total; There are 9 parks that meet the third situation, accounting for about 16.98% of the total. Because the number of parks in the first two cases accounts for more than 83% of the total, it can be concluded that the national science and technology industrial parks in China are generally technology-intensive parks. The proportion of technical personnel in 53 parks reached 32.54%, the total R&D investment was about 3%, and 13.54% of full-time personnel directly engaged in knowledge production research and development activities, which was essentially different from traditional industrial production.
2. At the output end
From the perspective of production, the products produced by 53 national science and technology industrial parks are mainly technical and technological products. In 2000, the technology income of 53 national science and technology industrial parks reached 40 1 100 million yuan, accounting for 3.34% of the total income of technology, industry and trade. There are some science and technology industrial parks, and the technical income accounts for more than 4% of the total income. In recent years, in the production and sales of high-tech products, nine kinds of technical products, such as electronic information, biotechnology, new materials, new energy, environmental protection, integration of optics, mechanics and electronics, aerospace, land, sea, air and nuclear applications, have accounted for the vast majority of the total sales of products in China's science and technology industrial parks, and a considerable part of them have become export-oriented products.
It can be seen from the relevant statistical data that among the total product sales of China's national science and technology industrial parks in the past 10 years, nine types of high-tech products such as electronic information, biotechnology, new materials and new energy have accounted for 60.12% of the total sales; Electronic information, biotechnology, new materials and new energy also accounted for 63.28% of the total export from 10. From the analysis of input and output, it can be seen that China's national science and technology industrial parks have generally belonged to the category of knowledge-based new economy.
Second, develop capacity.
The key to evaluating whether a science and technology industrial park has the ability to develop a new economy is to look at the foundation, institutional mechanism and culture of this park to develop a new economy. Some foreign scholars believe that the key to the prosperity of Silicon Valley in the United States for more than 50 years lies in the fact that Silicon Valley is the "habitat" for entrepreneurial innovation of high-tech enterprises, with the distinctive characteristics of 10: First, it is knowledge-intensive; Second, the mobile high-quality labor force; Third, the talent-oriented elite system; Fourth, an atmosphere of encouraging adventure and tolerating failure; Fifth, an open business environment; Sixth, the interaction among universities, research institutions and industries; Seventh, cooperation among enterprises, governments and non-profit organizations; Eighth, high-quality life; Nine is a specialized commercial service organization; 10 is a good rule of the game. If we combine this item 10 organically, we can effectively transform high-tech achievements, create new wealth, and constantly create new enterprises in the wave after wave of scientific and technological progress, thus realizing self-renewal and coordinated development based on self-organization. Further summarizing and abstracting this item 10, we can see that Silicon Valley has prospered for more than 50 years because it has a solid foundation for developing a new economy, that is, knowledge and technology-intensive (including knowledge and technology-intensive of enterprises and regions); Second, there is a good institutional mechanism and cultural and social environment. With these two conditions, we have the ability to develop a new economy. Here, we also evaluate the ability of China National Science and Technology Industrial Park to develop new economy from these two aspects.
1. Highly knowledge and technology intensive.
The high concentration of knowledge and technology in this area is the necessary foundation for developing the new economy. The development ability of knowledge economy mainly depends on the possession and allocation of knowledge and technical resources. At present, the new international economy is in the primary stage, and its industries mainly include science and technology, intelligence, education and culture, consulting, management, copyright, data and ideology. In China's state-level science and technology industrial parks, the most obvious manifestations are mainly science and technology industry, intelligent industry and education and culture industry. These industries are knowledge-based industries based on knowledge and technology, which require not only high knowledge and technology intensity of enterprises, but also high knowledge and technology intensity of regions, especially relying on several research universities or national key scientific research institutes. The reason for the success of Silicon Valley is that there are 8 research universities, 9 community colleges and 33 technical schools represented by Stanford University, with about 330,000 specialized high-tech talents.
Judging from the intensity of regional knowledge and technology, China's 53 national science and technology industrial parks can be roughly divided into three categories: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Han, Guang and Xi 'an, which are highly knowledge-intensive parks backed by a number of national key universities and state-owned research institutes, accounting for11.32% of the total number of parks; There are 26 parks in Tianjin, Shenyang, Dalian, Hefei, Changsha, Chengdu and Chongqing. Although there are key universities and national scientific research institutes, the number is not as much as the first category, and it is relatively knowledge-intensive, accounting for 49.06% of the total number of parks. The above two types of parks account for 60.38% of the total number of science and technology parks in China. According to this, it can be considered that most of China's science and technology industrial parks are located in areas with dense intelligence or relatively dense intelligence. In addition, there are about 40% science and technology industrial parks in China. The initial setting is mainly based on geographical distribution. At that time, the development trend of knowledge industry was not recognized. Therefore, it seems that the environment for developing new economy in such parks is not ideal, and the conditions for high-tech enterprises to absorb external energy are limited.
2. Technological, institutional and cultural innovation
The continuous innovation of technology, system and culture in science and technology industrial parks is an important guarantee for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and the development of new economy. Economically speaking, technological innovation is the recombination of production factors caused by introducing scientific and technological achievements into the production process, and it is the effective combination and coordinated development of scientific and technological progress and economic development; Institutional innovation is a reform of the existing economic system and its operating mechanism, and a process of coordinating people's behavior in economic development and reducing transaction costs. Institutional and cultural innovation is the foundation of technological innovation and the fundamental reason of economic growth, while technological innovation is the performance of economic growth, which constantly puts forward new requirements for institutional and cultural innovation. Technological innovation, institutional innovation and cultural innovation complement each other and are indispensable. The success of Silicon Valley in the United States is not only the success of technological innovation, but also the success of combining technological innovation with institutional innovation and cultural innovation. The key to institutional innovation lies in reducing transaction costs. It is precisely on this key issue that Silicon Valley provides good rules of the game, which can minimize transaction costs for innovative enterprises in coordinating with technology, capital, talents, information, culture, universities and the government, adapt to the laws and characteristics of the development of high-tech industries, and enable high-tech enterprises in Silicon Valley to innovate continuously and promote the economic development of Silicon Valley.
From the analysis of relevant data, it is not difficult to see that the implementation of institutional and cultural innovation, the establishment and improvement of intellectual property protection system, venture capital mechanism, modern human resources mechanism, specialized production mode, free entrepreneurship mechanism, Industry-University-Research cooperation system, etc. have adapted to the development characteristics of high-tech industries (the core of the new economy) and greatly reduced the coordination cost, which is the key to the successful development of high-tech industries in Silicon Valley. This provides a useful reference for China to build a national science and technology industrial park.
The rapid development of 10 national science and technology industrial parks in China's 53 high-tech industrial development zones is only based on the intensive knowledge and technology. The key is that each park has consciously or unconsciously implemented the innovation of combining technology with system and culture, which has activated the stock of knowledge and technology in the region and transformed it into economic power. The development process of each park is actually the activation process of knowledge and technology, as well as the change process of system and culture. From the end of 1980s to the end of 2000, China's state-level science and technology industrial parks experienced three stages of development in terms of institutional and cultural changes: (1) From the end of 1980s to the mid-1990s, high-tech enterprises in the parks mostly used the experience of private science and technology enterprises for reference in enterprise system selection. According to the principle of "four selves" (self-financing, voluntary combination, independent operation and self-financing), private and state-owned private mechanisms will be implemented to make high-tech enterprises basically get rid of their dependence on the state and become the main body of investment, decision-making and operation; As independent producers and sellers of commodities, high-tech enterprises have greater market adaptability and can better act in accordance with objective economic laws. (2) From the mid-1990s to the end of 1990s, about 50% of high-tech enterprises in the Science and Technology Industrial Park implemented property rights reform, which clarified the property rights relationship, positioned property rights to people, and standardized the corporate governance structure. As a result of the reform, by the end of 2000, more than 40% of high-tech enterprises had implemented joint-stock system, joint-stock cooperative system and limited liability company, and the proportion of collective and state-owned technology enterprises, which originally accounted for the majority of science and technology industrial parks, was reduced to about 20%. Property right reform plays a very important role in expanding the scale of high-tech industries, stabilizing the ranks of scientific and technological talents and mobilizing the enthusiasm of enterprise employees. (3) Since the end of 1990s, in order to adapt to the situation and requirements of China's entry into WTO, the National Science and Technology Industrial Park has carried out a new round of reform in enterprise system, park system and policy, the core of which is how to make high-tech enterprises bigger and stronger and improve their transformation and competitiveness. At present, a new round of institutional reform is under way. If the reform content is successful, it will lay a solid institutional platform for the development of high-tech industries in China and greatly promote the coordinated development of China National Science and Technology Industrial Park.
Third, the development space.
When the State-level Science and Technology Industrial Park was established in the late 1980s and early 1990s, most management departments of the park noticed the future development of the park, and thought that the park should rely on universities and research institutes and have a good development space. Therefore, they planned the park into five parts: first, the policy implementation area, second, the centralized new area, third, the technology business incubator, fourth, the technology business park, and fifth, the technology business district (or technology street). Policy areas are generally located in built-up areas with relatively dense universities and research institutes. Its purpose is to enable them to enjoy the preferential policies of the state for science and technology industrial parks, which is conducive to promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and the entrepreneurial innovation of scientific and technological personnel. Its scope is large, except for a few cases, there is generally no large-scale capital construction. Most of the newly-built concentrated areas are located on the edge of the city, adjacent to the relatively dense policy areas of universities and research institutes. The purpose of their establishment is to provide sufficient development space for newly established and introduced high-tech enterprises, corresponding service institutions and public welfare facilities, establish an industrial development environment and image, and provide excellent community management and services; The approved area of the newly built-up area is much smaller than that of the policy area, and it was mostly within 10 square kilometer in the early 1990s. Science and technology business incubator is the most dynamic technological innovation base in science and technology industrial park, aiming at cultivating a large number of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises and industrialists. According to the environmental conditions, some incubators are located in the policy area and some are located in the new area. Science and Technology Pioneer Park is a relatively concentrated area of various science and technology business incubators (such as University Science Park, Overseas Students Pioneer Park, Software Park, etc.). Its purpose is to create a good entrepreneurial environment and conditions, provide a good business incubation service and development space for science and technology entrepreneurs, and form a strong entrepreneurial culture and atmosphere. Science and technology business district is a special phenomenon in the process of China's transition from planned economy to market economy. As a market carrier in the process of promoting science and technology industry, it is not only a trade distribution center for talents, information, technology and products in science and technology industrial parks, but also a "dock" for scientific and technological personnel to start businesses in the sea, and the cradle for the growth of thousands of small science and technology enterprises in Qian Qian. Therefore, the Science and Technology Business District also has a certain incubation function, and it is one of the important bases for China's science and technology entrepreneurs to learn and grow.
It can be seen from relevant statistical data that the planned area of China's national science and technology industrial parks in the early 1990s was 676. 16 square kilometers, of which the newly built area was 194.92 square kilometers, that is, the average newly built area of each science and technology industrial park was 3.75 square kilometers. However, in the actual construction process since 1992, most science and technology industrial parks have adopted the form of "multiple parks in one area" or "parks in the garden", constantly expanding the area of newly built concentrated areas. By the end of 2000, the actual area of newly-built concentrated areas had reached 408. 15 square kilometers, that is, the average area of each newly-built concentrated area reached 7.70 square kilometers, more than 65,438. Among them, there are 10 national science and technology parks, and the newly built area exceeds 10 square kilometers.
Provinces and cities have carefully planned the newly-built areas, most of which are planned according to the development requirements of newly-built communities. They not only planned the high-tech industrial development zone, but also planned the residential area, living service area, scientific and technological innovation area, scientific research and cultural education area and ecological environment protection, which created a good and pleasant working and living environment for the relocated scientific and technological personnel and high-tech enterprises. In the past 10 years, in order to build these new areas, various science and technology industrial parks adopted the way of land development and rolling development, and invested about 300 billion yuan in capital construction. In 2000 alone, the investment reached 4.4 1 .98 billion yuan, among which there were 1 science and technology industrial parks with an investment exceeding1billion yuan.
Four. Development mechanism (organization)
The first business incubator in China Science and Technology Industrial Park was established in Wuhan East Lake on 1987, namely "Wuhan East Lake Innovation Service Center". In the early 1990s, a large number of state-level science and technology industrial parks were formally established, and business incubation became the main function of science and technology industrial parks. All kinds of business incubators have developed rapidly and continuously improved, becoming the cultivation base of knowledge-based enterprises and the bridge for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. At present, there are three main types of institutions with business incubation function in China:
1. High-tech Innovation Service Center
All science and technology industrial parks have high-tech innovation service centers. By the end of 2000, there were innovation service centers 1, 3 1, with an incubation area of 272 1 m2, and 7693 enterprises were incubating. In that year, the total income of incubating enterprises was1788 million yuan, and the total incubation fund was 740 million yuan, reaching 12. These incubating and graduating enterprises are all high-tech enterprises founded by scientific and technological personnel, and most of them are private scientific and technological enterprises that are "self-financing, voluntary combination, independent operation and self-financing". After incubation, they greatly reduced the risk of entrepreneurial innovation. According to experts' calculations, only about 20% of private technology enterprises in Zhongguancun, Beijing and Donghu, Wuhan have survived for more than five years without incubation. And 80% of private technology enterprises cultivated by incubators can survive for more than 5 years.
2. University Science Park
The University Science Park is a garden in the garden that is gradually developed by relying on the intellectual resources, information resources, research and development conditions of the university and the soft and hard environment of the science and technology industrial park. It is the training base for innovative and entrepreneurial talents and the incubation and development base for scientific and technological enterprises in colleges and universities. By the end of 2000, there were more than 30 university science parks in China. In May of 20001year, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Education decided to identify 22 university science parks such as Tsinghua and Peking University as "National University Science Parks". In May 2002, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Education decided to allow 2 1 University Science Park including Beijing Institute of Technology to start the construction of "National University Science Park". At present, Northeastern University Science Park, Peking University Science Park, Tsinghua University Science Park, Harbin Institute of Technology Science Park and Shanghai University Science Park show a good development trend. For example, Peking University Science and Technology Park and Tsinghua University Science and Technology Park, since their establishment, relying on the advantages of talents, science and technology, geographical location and other comprehensive resources of colleges and universities, have good management skills and gradually accumulated funds to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and more than 65,438 high-tech enterprises have been hatched or are being hatched.
3. Overseas Students Pioneer Park
Overseas Students Pioneer Park is a business incubator specially set up to attract overseas students to return to China for business innovation after the mid-1990s. By the end of 2000, there were 33 pioneer parks for overseas students, with an incubation area of 674,000 square meters and 960 enterprises incubating. In that year, the total income of incubating enterprises reached 2.82 billion yuan, the number of incubating enterprises 15035, and the total incubation funds reached 654.38+09 billion yuan. Pioneer Parks for Overseas Students are mainly distributed in economically developed provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. At present, the number of incubation enterprises in each park ranges from 20 to nearly 100.
In addition to the above three types of incubation institutions, the "private science and technology parks" gradually developed with the support of the governments of various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in the 1990s also have certain incubation functions, mainly providing certain software and hardware environment and services for private technology enterprises and promoting the rapid growth of private technology enterprises. 1In August 1992, the first private science and technology park in China was born in Kunming. Since then, some provinces and cities have actively established private science and technology parks. By the end of 2000, there were more than 40 private science and technology parks in China, mainly distributed in eastern and southern coastal provinces and cities, with Hebei, Shandong and Guangdong as the most, followed by Beijing, Jiangsu and Heilongjiang. It is expected that there will be more development in the central and western regions in the future.
From the above analysis of the development trend, development capacity, development space and development mechanism (organization) of the park, it can be seen that the economy of China's national science and technology industrial parks is a new type of economy with sustainable and coordinated development, and most of them have good development potential, good development space (namely, new areas) and incubation networks that absorb external energy (knowledge and technology, etc.). ), so the mainstream of China National Science and Technology Industrial Park can be considered as healthy as a whole. Of course, if further analysis, we can find that they also have a series of uncoordinated factors that affect the sustained, stable and healthy development of China's science and technology industrial parks. In this regard, we still need to conduct in-depth research.