1. The subject of administrative adjudication is the administrative organ authorized by law. Administrative adjudication is a specific administrative organ authorized by law, not a judicial organ, but not any administrative organ can become the subject of administrative adjudication. Only the administrative organs with administrative power over specific administrative matters can adjudicate civil disputes related to their administrative powers and become the subject of administrative adjudication. For example, the Trademark Law, the Patent Law, the Land Management Law, the Forest Law, the Food Safety Law, and the Drug Administration Law provide for infringement compensation and ownership disputes, and authorize relevant administrative organs to adjudicate these disputes.
2. Civil disputes in administrative rulings are related to administrative management. There is a civil dispute between the parties closely related to administrative activities, which is the premise of administrative adjudication. With the development of social economy and the expansion of government functions, administrative organs have obtained the jurisdiction of civil disputes. However, the participation of administrative organs in the adjudication of civil disputes does not involve all civil fields. Only when civil disputes are closely related to administrative management can administrative organs adjudicate civil disputes, thus achieving the purpose of administrative management.
3. An administrative ruling is an administrative act made upon application. After a dispute occurs, both parties to the dispute may, in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, apply to a specific administrative organ for a ruling within the statutory time limit. Without the application of the parties, the administrative organ cannot initiate the adjudication procedure on its own.
4. Administrative adjudication is a specific administrative act. The administrative organ makes a ruling on specific civil disputes authorized by laws and regulations, which is a legal conclusion made on the civil disputes that have occurred according to its functions and powers. This kind of administrative ruling has the basic characteristics of specific administrative acts. Disputes caused by the administrative counterpart's refusal to accept the administrative ruling belong to administrative disputes. In this regard, unless there is a final legal ruling, the parties may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.