1, Wang Xuan ZTE
After Zhou Xuanwang acceded to the throne, he appointed Mu Gong, Zhou and other ministers to rectify state affairs and revive the declining Zhou Dynasty. "Anything can make things happen, and Zhou Shi will flourish", The Book of Songs, Elegance and People.
King Xuan's main achievement was to crusade against the Rong, Di, and Wei who invaded the Zhou Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wang Xuan (824 BC), Qin Zhong became a doctor, attacked Xirong and was killed. King Xuan also ordered his son Qin Zhuanggong to conquer Rong and win. In five years, Wang Xuan also cooperated with Yin Jifu to cut stubborn (that is, Xirong) in quaint (now northwest of Chengcheng, Shaanxi). Yin Jifu played an important role in the war of recruiting soldiers. He led troops to attack Taiyuan (now Zhenyuan area in Gansu Province) and forced him to retreat to the northwest.
For those who invaded Jianghan area, King Xuan ordered Mu Gong and his master's father, Fu's father, Nanzhong of Qing Dynasty, to lead the army to March eastward along Huai River, making Xu, the most powerful country, submit to the Zhou Dynasty. In the eighteenth year, Nanzhong sent his foal father and high father to Huaiyi area, and all countries greeted the king's orders and paid tribute. During this period, King Xuan also ordered Fang Shu to lead a division to attack Man Jing (the State of Chu).
In order to consolidate his rule over Nantu, King Xuan moved his uncle Shen Bo to Xie (now Nanyang, Henan). In the twenty-second year of Wang Xuan, he continued to enfeoffment in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty and sealed his brother and friend in Zheng (now East of hua county, Shaanxi).
However, declaring Wang Zhongxing short-lived. In Wang Xuan's later years, the national situation went downhill again. Wang Xuan's years of foreign wars not only failed to solve the contradiction between slaves and slave owners, but also consumed a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Although it expanded the territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it accelerated the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty to some extent.
2. Zhao Xuanzhongxing The Western Han Dynasty was in a stable development stage during the Zhao and Zhao Dynasties (about 87 BC to 49 BC). Emperor Zhao Di acceded to the throne at the age of 8, and Huo Guang assisted in state affairs. He continued to carry out the policy since the late Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and sent letters to help farmers many times, reducing taxes such as land rent and oral tribute, and reducing the labor burden of farmers. After Xuan Di acceded to the throne, he put more energy into rectifying the bureaucracy, implemented measures to appease exile and stabilize people's livelihood, so that social production was restored and developed to a certain extent, and a new situation appeared in politics, which was called "Zhao Xuan Zhongxing" in history.
3. The stability and prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty and the revival of China Xianzong.
Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the central eunuch was authoritarian, the local provinces were separated, and the political situation was chaotic. During Yongzhenyuan's reign (805), eunuch Wen Zhen forced him to follow the position of Zen, and adopted the Spring Festival calendar to ascend to the throne. The Spring Calendar was a relatively successful emperor in the late Tang Dynasty. During his reign, he rectified the Jianghuai Finance and Tax Law and increased the fiscal revenue. Later, taking Pei Du as the phase, taking advantage of the contradiction between the buffer regions, the eunuch army was abolished, and the rebellion of my ambassadors in Jianchuan, Zhenhai and Li Kun was put down successively. My ambassador in Hebei surrendered Tian, and my ambassador in Huaixi completely wiped out Wu Yuanji. To this end, many buffer regions returned to life one after another, and later Li Shidao was pacified, and our time was self-clearing. Although Xianzong put down the rebellion in some buffer regions, it could not fundamentally eliminate the root of the separatist regime. Xianzong favored eunuchs. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), he was poisoned by eunuchs because of the problem of succession to the throne. Yuan and Zhongxing were only a political revival in the middle Tang Dynasty. After Xianzong's death, all the provinces were in chaos or disobeyed the orders of the court, and the eunuch's authoritarian power was formed.
During the Yuan and Meng Dynasties in Tang Xianzong, the government's financial situation improved, Tubo declined, and the power of local buffer regions weakened in the long war. Taking advantage of this excellent situation, the Tang government "conquered the towns by law", and Henan, Shandong, Hebei and other regions that had been in a strong vassal position for many years were brought under the central jurisdiction, and the Tang Dynasty was unified, which was called "Yuan and Zhongxing" in history.
4. In the spring of the 23rd year of Hongzhi Zhongxing Chenghua (1487), Wan Guifei died of illness, and Xianzong died of grief in August. Prince Zhu Youtang succeeded to the throne on September 1. In the second year, for the sake of Emperor Xiaozong, the country name was changed to "Hongzhi".
In fact, Xian Zong left his son Xiao Zong not only chaotic state affairs, but also a country full of holes. For these situations, Xiaozong knew something when he was a prince in the palace. At the beginning of his reign, he began to reform the shortcomings. At first, his energy mainly focused on the personnel arrangement of important officials in the court. After these problems were basically solved, he began to pay attention to the management of internal and external troubles.
During the Chenghua period, Xianzong was biased towards Buddhism and Taoism, which led to many unfortunate villains mixing into the DPRK. Plum province is one of the representatives. He was favored by the emperor for his magical power and sexual skills, and then colluded with eunuch Liang Fang to corrupt the state affairs, hit loyal ministers and foster cronies, which was the first great harm of the court at that time. Xiao zong arrested two people immediately after he acceded to the throne, which made the civil and military officials celebrate each other. Then, Emperor Xiaozong began to rectify the bureaucracy and replace all officials in Chenghua who made a fortune through bribery and flattery. The reform began with the cabinet, and the "paper-pasted three-cabinet old man" headed by Qi Wanan, a foreigner, was removed. At the same time, Xiaozong used a large number of honest and talented people. During the Chenghua period, officials such as Wang Shu, Wynn and Ma Wensheng were demoted for being outspoken. Xu Pu, Liu Jian, Xie Qian, Li Dongyang and other sages. In order to build a palace in Qian, the palace is new, which is called the order of the Qing Dynasty.
Before Wan 'an was demoted, people didn't know much about filial piety. I only know that he is the son of a humble imperial secretary who was born in a cold palace. Later, although he was admitted by Xian Zong, he was always jealous of Wan Guifei, and even at the end of Chenghua, he was in danger of being abolished. So when this 17-year-old boy ascended the throne, I'm afraid there was some sympathy besides the support of some honest ministers. His life as a prince is really hard. However, people soon had to sit up and take notice of the young emperor, reprimanding the virtuous administration in the early stage of Hongzhi, and giving a stimulant to the chaotic court in the late stage of Chenghua, which gave the Ming Dynasty hope of revival.
Moreover, the emperor was surprisingly generous and kind, and even showed great tolerance to the Wan Guifei family who persecuted his biological mother. As for Wan Guifei herself, I didn't listen to my liegeman's advice and cut off my contacts with her. All this is out of a filial piety, filial piety to father and emperor, upholding tradition, giving priority to forgiveness and putting loyalty and filial piety first. It is for this reason that he was named filial piety after his death. Including filial piety, the most important political measure is to vigorously build water conservancy, develop agriculture and prosper the economy. In the second year of Hongzhi (1489), in May, the Yellow River burst in Kaifeng, and Xiaozong ordered Bai Anling, the left assistant minister of the household department, to repair 50,000 people.
In the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), Susong River was silted and flooded. Xiao Zong ordered Guan Xu, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, to preside over the governance, which took nearly three years to complete. Since then, Susong has eliminated floods and once again become a land of plenty.
Due to the ups and downs of childhood life, Xiaozong has been weak and sick. However, filial piety is diligent in political affairs. Not only did they come to the early dynasty every day, but they also reopened the afternoon dynasty, giving ministers more opportunities to assist the emperor in handling government affairs. At the same time, a banquet was held again to give lectures, and ministers were asked for advice on how to govern the country. Xiaozong also set up Wenhua Hall to discuss politics. Its function was to discuss the way of governing the country and political affairs with the cabinet in the leisure time of the morning and afternoon dynasties. Emperor Xiaozong's diligence finally paid off. Hongzhi Dynasty was a peaceful period when the economy was prosperous and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. At that time, the officials were clean, the sages were appointed, the bureaucrats were restrained, the government was diligent, the economy was advocated and the people had a rest. Known by historians as "Hongzhi Zhongxing".
5. Tongzhi Zhongxing "Tongzhi Zhongxing" refers to the Tongzhi period after the middle of Qing Dynasty (1862- 1874), which was the inertia recovery stage to maintain the rule of Manchu Dynasty. Coincided with 1860, the Qing government cooperated with Britain and France, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom collapsed (1864), there was a period of political calm, and the Westernization Movement began.
Some people regard the period from Xianfeng to Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty as the inertia recovery stage, but it is generally believed that the recovery period is mainly in Tongzhi years.
measure
Naturally repair the internal political order. Based on the interests of feudal rulers, some Confucian scholars and peasants, under the leadership of bureaucrats, incorporated the armed forces in an attempt to destroy the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Economic adjustment after civil strife. Reduce rural taxes, encourage farming and distribute food seeds to appease the people's resistance.
Daxing Imperial Examination, increasing the number of examination places to attract talents, preventing the emergence of similar Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, attracting more talents to safeguard the rule of the Qing court, objectively caused the further corruption of China people's thoughts in modern times.
To westernize, it is mainly to seek cooperation with foreign powers in diplomacy.
affect
The presiding ministers of ZTE are mainly Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Li Hongzhang and Hu Linyi. They played a great role in suppressing the civil unrest and calming social unrest, and also became important officials of the Westernization Movement.
Qian Mu's Outline of National History mentioned:
"In the Diary of May 7th, the first year of Tongzhi, the Zeng family elaborated on Westernization in detail, saying:" Self-improvement, often eager to cultivate political affairs and talents, learn to blow up guns and build ships. "
One view is that the so-called "Tongzhi revival" is a practice that some historians distort history and deliberately beautify the Qing Dynasty. As we all know, since the Opium War, the incompetent Qing government has repeatedly lost and fought in the imperialist countries' wars of aggression, ceded land and paid reparations, and humiliated the country. People of all ethnic groups couldn't bear the cruel exploitation of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, so they rose up in succession and broke out the largest peasant uprising in China's modern history-the Taiping Rebellion. During the Tongzhi period, the actual ruler was Cixi, and the rule of Cixi, an old witch, was actually a "revival". Doesn't that mean that the rule of Yuan Shikai, a traitor, is "the rule of Hong Xian"? During the Tongzhi period, the contradiction between the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and the imperialist countries eased for a reason. As far as imperialist countries are concerned, they saw the Taiping Uprising in China, which fought for national independence, and found that the powerful Han regime would inevitably harm their colonial interests. Therefore, it is wise to support the Qing government in oppressing the people of China. As far as the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty is concerned, in the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, and Xianfeng and his gang fled hastily. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty realized that imperialist countries were not easy to deal with, so they should obey cooperation. Anyway, it is not owned by itself, and it has been abandoned like a lost bag. So the old and new colonialists colluded with each other to oppress the people of China, and Cixi also put forward a famous saying, "Measure China's material resources and get the country's favor". The initial cooperation between the two colonists was to jointly suppress the Taiping Rebellion. In the subsequent Sino-French war, although the Qing army was defeated, it still signed an unequal treaty, which was the ruling policy of Cixi. Therefore, "Tongzhi Zhongxing" is a period of deepening China's colonization, not the so-called "Zhongxing".
Another point of view is that "Tongzhi Zhongxing" is a stage to promote China's modern historical progress, which is mainly reflected in the Westernization Movement. At that time, westernization was carried out and a series of modern enterprises were established, including Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Kaiping Coal Mine. Objectively stimulated the development of capitalism. The trend of thought of "saving the country through industry" after the Westernization Movement cannot be said to have nothing to do with this period. At the same time, although the Westernization Movement did not belong to the standard capitalist management mode, it also stimulated the emergence of the proletariat in China in some ways. See the entry of Westernization Movement for details.
Professor Stavri Anoos believed that foreigners (foreign colonists) at that time were surprised, frightened and admired by the rising trend of China, and some even thought that "all officials, big and small, in China took action".
However, the revival of Tongzhi did not bring any good consequences. The decadent feudal system and the ignorance of the rulers finally ruined this dream of "self-improvement".
For the study of this period of history, we can refer to Mary Clabaugh Wright's classic Tongzhi Zhongxing.
6. Shao Kang Zhongxing I don't agree with LZ's view that Shao Kang's restoration of the Xia Dynasty was a reinvention. After all, Shao Kang is Zhong Kang's grandson and Xiang's son. After the hardships of restoring the country, he still followed the political system of the Xia Dynasty, and was recorded as the sixth king of the Xia Dynasty in historical records. We should take the official records as the standard. Of course, this question can still be controversial and questionable, so I listed it at the end.
Shao Kang Zhongxing is the first time that the word "Zhongxing" appeared in the history of China. According to historical records, after Xia Qi's death, he passed the throne to his son Taikang. Taikang ignored political affairs all day long and gave a banquet to entertain him. Hou Yi, the leader of the poor family in Dongyi, took the opportunity to oust Taikang. Soon, Hou Yi was killed by his confidant Han Zhuo, and Han Zhuo succeeded to the throne. After Taikang's death, his younger brother Deli and his son Xiang took refuge in Zhu's surname (sound zhēn), Guan's surname and Zhu Xun's surname, but they were still killed by Han Jue. Xiang's wife had no choice but to flee to You's maiden and give birth to her son Shao Kang. Shao Kang was defeated by Han Zhuo as an adult and went to You Yu's house. Seeing that Shao Kang was young and promising, Yu Guojun married both his daughters and built a Luncheng for him to live in (now Shundian Kangcheng, Yuzhou). There are Songshan Mountain in the west, Juzi in the north and Shui Ying in the south. The land is fertile and the climate is pleasant. There are 10% fields (Fiona Fang 10 Li) and a group of people (500 people), so Shao Kang has a place to live. Shao Kang, based in Lunyi, supported and recruited scattered Xia adherents, developed production and accumulated strength. They also United the cronies and clans who were dissatisfied with Han Zhuo and jointly eliminated Han Zhuo and his remaining clansmen. "Full-scale southeast tour, seeking the ancient capital of Wang Xia in Yang Zhai", repairing the palace, repairing the monarch, and taking Jiuding as the leader, all the princes in the world have embraced it. Decades after Emperor Xia Taikang lost his country, Shao Kang finally "became a vassal by sitting in the imperial court" and regained the position of the son of heaven, which was called "Shao Kang Zhongxing" in history. ?
Shao Kang was the sixth king of Xia Dynasty in China. Taikang, the second generation of Xia Wang, was divided by Houyi, a vassal state in the East (now western Shandong), replacing Xia's regime. Later, Han Zhuo, the favorite of Houyi, staged a coup and bloodbath the Houyi clan. However, Taikang died of depression, and his younger brother Zhong Kang succeeded to the throne as the third generation Wang Xia, and Han Biao pursued the Taikang family. So Zhong Kang died when he escaped, and his son Xiang was also killed. Xiang's wife is Hou Yi, the daughter of a vassal in Youhuan (Jinan, Shandong). She became pregnant, fled back to the secluded ring, gave birth to Shao Kang, became a shepherd, and was in charge of animal husbandry. Han Zhuo refused to let the Xia royal family go, and Han Zhuo's son sent someone to kill Shao Kang.
Later, Shao Kang took refuge and fled to Yuzhou (now Yu County, Henan Province) to be the chef of Yuzhou. King Yus married his daughter Ertao to Shao Kang, and actively cultivated his own power, with the help of Tian Yicheng (square mile), a brigade (500 people) and Bo Si, a vassal of Yu State. One day, Shao Kang initiated a righteous teacher, contacted Bomi, the minister of Xia Dynasty, and sent a female AI to spy on the military situation. Bomi invaded the country and hit the dome stone. Han Zhuo attempted suicide and was tied up by the people and dragged to Bomi. Bomi recounted Han Zhuo's crimes and cut off his flesh piece by piece until he died. Then Shao Kang ordered his daughter Ai to attack Shui Yue, and Ji Yi was ordered to attack Shui Yue. After he succeeded, Shao Kang ordered the tapir to be chopped into paste and cooked with a tripod. Shao Kang restored the Xia regime. During Shao Kang's reign, he was diligent and devoted to agriculture and water conservancy, and was called "Shao Kang Zhongxing".
As for Guangxu Zhongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty, I also agree with LZ. After all, it is a reinvention, which belongs to the reconstruction of unified political power, and it is still different from Shao Kang Zhongxing.
These leaders of ZTE are determined to reform, make positive progress, promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, not only inherit the essence of the ancestral system, but also carry it forward continuously. Innovate the political and economic systems to ensure social stability and harmony. Vigorously develop the economy, open up new sources of income and reduce expenditure, improve the comprehensive national strength of the dynasty, and provide material guarantee for social and political stability. Strengthen friendly exchanges with ethnic minorities and ethnic regimes with few S, prepare for the border areas, improve national defense capabilities, and create a stable external environment for domestic political stability and social and economic development. It solved the internal and external troubles faced by the dynasty, revitalized the politics of the dynasty and restored the situation of great support.