Leonardo da Vinci's scientific inventions are on display in Vienna. At the exhibition, people can see 62 models and miniature models with the same size as the original objects invented by Leonardo da Vinci. This exhibition is the largest of its kind in the world.
The exhibition "Da Vinci, Man, Inventor and Genius" will be held in Vienna Art Center until May 29th. The design of the most talented genius of the Renaissance includes the "ancestor" of bicycles, divers' respirators, hang gliders, elevators, parachutes, cogged gears, transmission devices, military tanks and other warships or planes, and a ladder for attacking enemy walls. This ladder looks very similar to the ladder used by modern firefighters.
Nicolai Gabriel, an Italian cabinet manufacturer and mechanic, said: "Computer graphics technology has been able to discover the information hidden in Leonardo da Vinci's massive technical drawings, which makes it possible for us to make them work through computer simulation." These models are made of wood, metal and cloth, all made by Gabriel and his colleagues after studying Leonardo da Vinci's design sketches. Leonardo da Vinci's sketches are accompanied by thousands of pages of handwritten instructions explaining how these inventions work.
This heritage at least far exceeds the existing 17 designs left by Italian artists in quantity. Leonardo da Vinci's most famous work is the Mona Lisa. Gabriel and his colleague Paolo Daciani designed several working models invented by Leonardo da Vinci, and said that they have been approved by the scholar Carlo Pedrae Di. Pedre Di is one of the world-famous Da Vinci experts.
According to the organizer, this exhibition is the most comprehensive of its kind, with more models on display than any museum in Italy. Some of Leonardo da Vinci's inventions have been put into practice in his life, such as dredgers to clean up the silt in canals near Milan and moving river bridges with wheels. Other inventions were later put into practice. For example, Napoleon's bomb was modeled after Leonardo da Vinci's design.
But most of Da Vinci's inventions are "wasting time" on the drawing board. A hull with a sealed compartment to prevent a ship from sinking is a typical example. Gabriel said that this hull may be Leonardo da Vinci's most important invention. Double hulls have now become the standard for manufacturing oil tankers. Leonardo da Vinci's bike is very curious. It may have been designed by his students after Leonardo da Vinci put forward his idea. At that time, this kind of bicycle had a transmission chain that moved between the pedal and the rear wheel, but the early bicycles that appeared in the late19th century did not have this design.
Leonardo da Vinci's famous plane was designed on the basis of his long-term study of the working principle of bird wings. The invention of genius sometimes hides great danger. In an experiment, a plane crashed and almost killed one of Leonardo da Vinci's servants. But in modern times, people have successfully flown planes in the sky, such as the giant pyramid parachute successfully tested in Canada. Leonardo da vinci also designed flying tools, such as anemometers and gyroscopes.
When talking about Dan Brown's best-selling book The Da Vinci Code, gabriel compared all kinds of secrets. The book The Da Vinci Code says that Da Vinci likes to hide secrets in his paintings, such as the Last Supper and some details of his technical sketches. It goes without saying that these details are designed to prevent Leonardo da Vinci's discovery from being misused centuries before the birth of the concepts of patents and copyrights.
Swedish chemist and engineer alfred bernhard nobel (1833101October 21-18961February) is the inventor of nitroglycerin explosives. In his will, he created the Nobel Prize with his huge wealth. Artificial elements are named after Nobel. Alfred nobel was born in Stockholm, the third son of Emmanuel Nobel, but when he was very young, his family moved to St. Petersburg, where his father worked on torpedo development. 1859, the second-ranked Luwei Emmanuel (183 1- 1888) took over the industry and successfully carried it forward. Alfred, on the other hand, returned to Sweden with his father after the bankruptcy of his family business, and devoted himself to the study of explosive substances, especially the safe production and use of nitroglycerin. In Nobel's family factory, there were several explosions, one of which killed Alfred's younger brother Emil and several other workers. Little known is that Nobel was also a playwright, but it was not until his deathbed that his only play was printed. Unfortunately, his works are regarded as libel and blasphemy. Almost all of them were destroyed after Nobel's death, and only three books survived. It was not until 2003 that the first surviving edition was published in Sweden. Apart from Esperanto, the play has not been translated into other languages, including English. Nobel, the inventor of explosives, found that it was much more convenient and safer to process as long as nitroglycerin and diatomite were mixed together. 1867, Nobel applied for a patent for this mixed formula and named it explosive. The Nobel Prize was founded by the legacy donated by alfred nobel, and is awarded once a year from 190 1. Nobel also wrote in his will that the prize money will be divided into five parts. First, it will be awarded to people who have the most important discoveries or inventions in physics; 2. Award the most important discovery or new improvement in chemistry; 3. Award to those who have made the most important discoveries in physiology and medicine; Fourth, the prize is awarded to those who show an idealistic tendency in literature and have the best works; Five, the friendship award between countries, the abolition of the use of force and contribution. "Therefore, the Nobel Prize is divided into five awards. From 65438 to 0969, Nobel established the sixth prize-the Nobel Prize in Economics. Include the following awards: Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize in Literature and Nobel Prize in Economics. The awarding institutions mentioned in the Nobel will are the Royal Swedish Academy of Science (physics prize and chemistry prize) in Stockholm, the Royal Caroline Institute of Surgery (physiology or medicine prize) and the Swedish Academy Literature Prize (literature prize), and the Nobel Prize judging committee (peace prize) appointed by the Norwegian Parliament in Oslo. The Swedish Academy of Science also supervises the awarding of economics prizes. The Nobel Foundation, established to implement the terms of the will, is the legal owner and actual manager of the fund, as well as the co-management institution of the awarding institutions, but it does not participate in the deliberation or decision of the awards, and its deliberation is entirely the responsibility of the above four institutions. Each award includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus; The amount of bonus depends on the income of the foundation. Economic prizes are awarded in the same way and with the same monetary value. The selection of winners began in the early autumn of the previous year, and the awarding unit first sent invitations to those institutions that have the ability to propose candidates in accordance with the Nobel Prize Charter. The selection is based on professional ability and international reputation; The person nominated by himself is not eligible for selection ◎ The nomination of the candidate must be notified in writing to the relevant committee before February 1 of the year in which the award is decided. Starting from February 1 every year, six Nobel Prize judging committees-one for each committee-start the selection work according to the nominations. When necessary, the Committee may invite relevant experts from any country to participate in the selection, and submit a letter of recommendation to the relevant award-winning institutions during September-65438+1early October; Only in rare cases will the issue be shelved, and the awarding unit must make a final decision before 1 1.05. The Committee's suggestions are usually adopted. But it is not static. All stages of deliberation and voting were conducted in secret. Awards are only awarded to individuals, and besides the Peace Prize, they can also be awarded to institutions ◎ Candidates can only be nominated during their lifetime, but official awards can be awarded after death, such as d- Hammarskj? ld's 196 1 Peace Prize and e-a- Karl Voelter's1Literature Prize. Once the award is evaluated, it cannot be overturned because of objections. Official support for a candidate, whether diplomatic or political, has nothing to do with the award, because the awarding institution has nothing to do with the country. A bonus is either given to one person, or divided equally between two achievements at most, or shared by two or more people (in fact, never more than three), and sometimes a bonus is reserved for the next year; If the bonus is not paid in the next year, it will be returned to the foundation, and if the bonus is neither paid nor kept, it will also be returned to the foundation. In this way, the same academic field can have two bonuses a year, that is, the rest of the previous year's bonus and this year's bonus. If the winner refuses or fails to receive the prize money before the specified date, the prize money will be returned to the Foundation. There have been cases of refusing to receive bonuses and the government prohibiting nationals from receiving Nobel Prizes, but the winners are still included in the list of Nobel Prize winners and marked with the words "refusing to receive bonuses". The motivation for not accepting the prize may be different, but the real reason is mostly external pressure; For example, the decree issued by Hitler in 1937 prohibited Germans from receiving the Nobel Prize, because he thought that the peace prize awarded by 1935 to c- Osietzky was an insult. No matter what the reason, those who refuse to receive it within the time limit, explain the situation and apply, but they can receive the Nobel Gold Medal and Certificate, but they can't receive the bonus, and the bonus has been returned to the Foundation. If no one can meet the requirements in the Nobel will or the world situation hinders the collection of selection materials (such as during World War I and World War II), the prize will be retained or suspended. The award is open to everyone, regardless of nationality, race, religious belief or ideology. The same winner can win multiple awards without restriction. The awarding ceremony of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics was held in Stockholm, while the awarding ceremony of peace prize was held in Oslo, with the time of 65438+February 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Winners usually go to receive their prizes in person. Nobel's will lists the general rules for managing awards. In l900, the executor, the representative of the awarding unit and the Nobel family reached an agreement on the supplementary terms of the interpretation and execution of the will, which was approved by the King of Sweden at the Council meeting. These regulations remain basically unchanged, but some modifications have been made in practical application; The basis for evaluating the economics prize is science, that is, mathematics or statistics, not politics or society. Friedrich Dingbergen, an economist who won the first two economics prizes, won the prize for his work in econometrics (that is, using mathematical formulas to analyze economic activities). Science and medicine awards rarely cause controversy; Literature prize and peace prize, because of their special nature, are most likely to lead to differences of opinion.