A. divide an object into independent parts.
B. make the object detachable.
C. increase the degree of object segmentation.
Exodus: The cargo ship is divided into several parts of the same type. If necessary, the ship can be lengthened or shortened.
2. The principle of demolition
Remove interference parts (interference features) from the object, or conversely, separate the only needed parts or features.
Contrary to the above technique of dividing an object into several identical parts, this is to divide the object into several different parts.
For example, in general, the lighting and other electricity consumption of small yachts are provided by generators driven by engines on board. In order to continue power supply when berthing, an auxiliary generator driven by an internal combustion engine should be installed. The engine is bound to produce noise and vibration. It is suggested that the engine and generator be placed in two containers not far from the yacht and connected by cables.
3. The principle of locality
A transition from a consistent structure (external action) of an object or external medium to an inconsistent structure.
Different parts of an object should have different functions.
Every part of an object should have the most suitable conditions for its work.
Example: In order to prevent dust in mine roadway, small water droplets are sprayed on tools (working mechanism of drilling rig and skip) in a cone shape. The smaller the water droplets, the better the dust removal effect. However, small water droplets are easy to form fog, which brings difficulties to the work. Solution: Make another layer of big water droplets around the outer layer of the cone of small water droplets.
4. Asymmetry principle
A. the symmetric form of an object is converted into an asymmetric form.
B. If the object is asymmetrical, strengthen its asymmetry,
Example: Anti-collision automobile tires have high-strength side edges to resist the collision of sidewalk kerbs.
5. Combination principle
A. combining the same objects or objects performing similar operations,
B. combine the same or similar operations in time.
Example: double microscope group; One person operates and the other observes the records.
6. Multifunctional principle
One object performs many different functions, so there is no need for other objects.
Example: The handle of the bag can also be used as a stretcher (Soviet invention certificate 187964).
7.Matryoshka principle
A. One object is located in another object, which is located in a third object, and so on.
B. One object passes through the cavity of another object.
Example: the elastic vibration ultrasonic concentrator is formed by clamping two half-wave plates with each other. Characterized in that, in order to reduce the length of the condenser and increase its stability, two half-wave plates are made into hollow cones (proof of Soviet law ~ 18678 1). In the Soviet invention certificate 04623 15, this scheme is also adopted to reduce the overall size of the output part of the transformer piezoelectric element. In the Soviet invention certificate ~304027, the doll of metal wire drawing equipment consists of drawing and touching.
8. The principle of weight compensation
A combine one object with another by lifting force to offset its weight.
Example: hydrogen balloons hold up billboards.
B. The object interacts with the medium (preferably aerodynamic force and hydraulic pressure) to counteract its weight.
Example: A braking centrifugal regulator for adjusting the number of revolutions of a rotor wind turbine is installed on the vertical shaft of the rotor. It is characterized in that in order to control the rotor speed in a small range of revolutions when the wind force increases, the centrifugal blades of the regulator are made into blades to ensure pneumatic braking (Soviet invention certificate 167784).
Interestingly, the formula of the invention clearly reflects the contradiction overcome by the invention. Under the condition of given wind force and given centrifugal mass, a certain number of revolutions can be obtained. In order to reduce the number of revolutions (when the wind increases), it is necessary to increase the mass of the centrifugal sheet. But the centrifuge is spinning and it is difficult to get close. So the contradiction is eliminated, and the centrifugal blade has the shape of qigong braking, that is, the centrifugal blade is made into a wing with negative angle of attack.
The general idea is obvious: if the mass of a rotating object needs to be changed, but its mass cannot be changed according to certain requirements, then the object should be wing-shaped, and the additional force in the required direction can be obtained by changing the inclination angle of the wing movement direction.
9. Pre-reaction principle
If a role must be completed according to the subject conditions, then the reaction must be completed ahead of schedule.
For example, the turning method of a cup-shaped turning tool is that the turning tool rotates around its own geometric axis during turning. It is characterized in that in order to prevent vibration, a load force should be applied to the rotor cutter in advance, which is almost the same as the force generated in the cutting process and in the opposite direction (Soviet invention certificate ~536866).
10. Pre-action principle
A. Complete the required function in advance (in whole or in part)
B put the articles in place in advance, so that they can immediately complete the required functions at the site and in the most convenient place.
1 1 the principle of putting pillows first.
Use emergency measures prepared in advance to compensate the bottom reliability of the object.
Example: Inorganic materials such as optical fiber are processed by plasma beam. It is characterized in that in order to improve the mechanical strength, the solution or melt of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is coated on the inorganic material in advance (Soviet invention certificate 522 150). Others apply substances that can heal small cracks in advance. According to the method of Soviet invention certificate No.456594, the branch was put on an iron ring before being sawed off. When the tree felt sick there, it sent nutrients and therapeutic substances there. In this way, these substances accumulate before the branches are sawed off, and the incision will heal quickly after sawing.
Equipotential principle.
Change working conditions to make objects rise or fall.
Example: there is a device that does not need to lift the heavy mold; The device is equipped with accessories with conveying tracks on the press (Soviet invention certificate 264679).
13, contrary principle
A, can not reach the role specified in the main conditions and achieve the opposite effect.
B, make the moving part of an object or external medium fixed, and make the fixed part movable.
C. Turn the object upside down.
For example, when studying subject 9 (filter for eliminating dust), we introduced the Soviet invention certificate 156 133. The filter consists of two magnets with ferromagnetic powder sandwiched between them. Seven years later, the proof of Su Lian's invention was 3 19325. Its filter is the opposite: an electromagnetic filter used for mechanical cleaning of liquid or gas, including a magnetic field source and a filter element made of granular magnetic materials. Characterized in that in order to reduce unit power consumption and improve productivity, a filter element is placed around a magnetic field source to form an external closed magnetic circuit.
14. Spherical principle
A. Transition from straight line to curve, from plane to sphere, from regular hexahedron or parallelepiped to spherical structure,
B. use sticks, spheres and spirals.
C, converting linear motion into rotary motion by centrifugal force.
Example: The equipment used to weld pipes into the pipe network has a rolling spherical electrode.
15. Dynamic principle
A, the change of the characteristics of the object (or external media) should be the best in each working stage.
B. divide the object into several relatively moving parts.
C. moving an immobile object.
For example, the automatic arc welding method of strip electrode is characterized by bending the electrode along the bus bar to make it bend in order to adjust the shape and size of the welding pool in a large range (Soviet invention certificate 258490).
16. Principle of local action or excessive action
If it is difficult to achieve the required curative effect of 100%, it should achieve a slightly smaller or larger curative effect. At this time, the topic may be greatly simplified.
17. The principle of transition to another dimension
A. If it is difficult for an object to move in a straight line (or distribute), let it move in two dimensions (i.e. plane). Therefore, the motion (or distribution) on a plane can be transformed into three-dimensional space.
B. replace single-layer structure with multi-layer structure.
C. tilt or move the object sideways.
D. use the reverse side of the specified surface.
E. use light to flow to an adjacent surface or an opposite surface.
Technology 17a can be combined with technology 7 and 15b to form a chain representing the overall development trend of the technical system: from point to line, to surface, to body, and finally to the existence of many objects.
For example, the overwintering logs are stored in the water of the circular parking lot, which is characterized in that in order to increase the unit volume of the parking lot and reduce the volume of frozen logs, the logs are bundled, and the width and height of the cross section exceed the length of the logs, and then they are placed upright (Soviet invention certificate ~22363 18).
18. Principle of mechanical vibration
A, make the object vibrate.
B, if it is already vibrating, increase its vibration frequency (reaching the ultrasonic frequency).
C. use * * * vibration frequency.
D. replace mechanical vibrator with piezoelectric vibrator.
E. using ultrasonic vibration to cooperate with electromagnetic field.
Example: The method of cutting wood without sawdust is characterized by using tools (Soviet invention certificate ~ 307986) whose pulse frequency is close to the natural vibration frequency of the cut wood, so as to reduce the force of the tools entering the wood.
19. Periodic action principle
A. transition from continuous action to periodic action (pulse).
B. If the operation is already periodic, please change the period.
C, performing other functions by using the intermittence of pulses.
Example: The method of automatically controlling contact welding of thin parts by thermal cycle is based on the principle of measuring thermoelectric electromotive force. It is characterized in that in order to improve the control accuracy, when welding with high-frequency pulse, the thermoelectric potential is measured at the interval of welding current pulse (Soviet invention certificate 9336 120).
20. The principle of continuous benefit
A. continuous work (all parts of the object should always work at full load).
B. eliminate idle speed and intermittent operation.
Example: A method for machining two intersecting cylindrical holes, such as the groove of the bearing separating ring, is characterized by using a drill bit (reamer)' (Soviet invention certificate M262582), which can cut the forward and backward strokes of the cutter to improve the machining efficiency.
2 1. Skip principle
Skip a process or its individual stages at high speed, eg harmful or dangerous.
For example, in the production of plywood, wood is processed by baking, which is characterized in that in order to maintain the properties of wood, gas flame at 300 ~ 600℃ is directly used to bake wood for a short time in the production of plywood.
22. The principle of turning harm into benefit
A. Use harmful factors (especially the harmful effects of the media) to obtain beneficial effects.
B. eliminate harmful factors through the combination of harmful factors and several other harmful factors.
Strengthen harmful factors to the extent that they are no longer harmful.
Example: The method of recovering the granularity of frozen materials is characterized by ultra-low temperature treatment (Soviet invention certificate N~409938) to speed up the recovery of the granularity of materials and reduce the labor intensity.
23, reverse contact principle
A. make a reverse connection.
B. if there is a reverse connection, then change it.
For example, the method of automatically adjusting the roasting temperature specification of sulfide fluidized bed is to change the flow rate of added materials with the change of temperature, which is characterized by changing the supply rate of materials with the change of samarium content in waste gas to improve the dynamic accuracy of controlling the specified temperature (Soviet invention certificate 302382).
24. Intermediary principle
A. use intermediate objects that can be moved or transmitted.
B temporarily attach another (easily separated) object to an object.
For example, the method of calibrating the instrument for measuring the dynamic tension of dense medium is to load the medium sample under static conditions and place the instrument in the sample. It is characterized in that in order to improve the calibration accuracy, flexible intermediate elements should be used to load samples and their instruments (Soviet invention certificate 354 135).
25. Self-help principle
A, the object should serve itself and complete the auxiliary and repair work.
B. Use of waste materials (energy and materials).
For example, the welding electrode in a welding gun is usually provided by a special device. It is suggested that the spiral tube working under welding current should be used as covered electrode power supply.
26. The principle of replication
A. Replace hard-to-get, complicated, expensive, inconvenient or easily damaged items with simple and cheap copies.
B. Replace the object or object system with an optical copy (image). At this point, change the scale (enlarge or reduce the replica).
C. If a copy of visible light is used, it is converted into an infrared or ultraviolet copy.
For example, the visual teaching aid of geodesy is a panoramic view of plane art, which is characterized in that for panoramic measurement photography of topographic images, teaching AIDS are made according to the photographic data of sight distance, and representative points of topography are equipped with miniature sight distance rulers (Soviet invention certificate ~86560).
27. Replace the principle of expensive permanence with cheap non-permanence.
Replace an expensive object with a set of cheap objects and give up some qualities (such as durability).
Example: The disposable mousetrap is a plastic tube with bait; The mouse enters the mousetrap through the conical hole, and the hole wall can be straightened, so the mouse can only enter, but not exit.
28. Principles of alternative mechanics.
A. replace mechanical design principles with optical, acoustic and aesthetic design principles.
B. interact with objects with electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields.
C, from a constant field to an indefinite field, from a timed field to a time-varying field, from an unstructured field to a field with a certain structure.
D. using a magnetic field composed of ferromagnetic particles.
Example: The method of coating a metal layer on a thermoplastic material is to contact the thermoplastic material with metal powder heated above its melting point, which is characterized in that in order to improve the bonding strength and compactness between the coating and the substrate, this process is carried out in an electromagnetic field (Soviet invention certificate 4457 12).
29. The principle of using pneumatic and hydraulic structures.
The solid part of the object is replaced by gas structure and liquid structure, such as inflatable and liquid-filled structure, air pillow and hydrostatic recoil structure.
Example: In order to connect the propeller shaft of the ship with the screw sleeve, a groove is made on the shaft, and an elastic empty container (narrow air bag) is placed in the groove. If the container is filled with compressed air, it will expand and squeeze the screw sleeve onto the transmission shaft (Soviet invention certificate 3 1374 1). In this case, metal connectors are generally used, but it is easier to connect with the "airbag". In addition, this connection can eliminate the impact load. This invention is quite interesting compared with the later Soviet invention certificate ~ 4456.338+05438+0. According to the invention, an inflatable bag is arranged in a container for transporting fragile products (such as a drainage pipe), so that the products are close to each other during transportation and will not be damaged. Although the technical fields are different, the problems and solutions are absolutely the same. In the Soviet invention certificate 249583, the crane grab works together with the inflatable element, and in the Soviet invention certificate 409875, the airbag is used to contain fragile products in the sawing device. There are many such inventions. It seems that it's time to stop patenting such suggestions. However, a simple principle is stipulated in the design textbook: if one object needs to be close to another in a short time, the airbag method should be applied. Of course, this does not mean that technology 29 will no longer be an invention and creation technology.
Airbags make one product close to another, which is a typical material field system. In this material field system, the bag plays the role of mechanical field. According to the general law of the development of the object field system, the field will inevitably transition to the ferromagnetic field system. This transformation did happen: in the Soviet invention certificate ~53435 1, it was proposed to add ferromagnetic powder to the airbag and use the magnetic field to make the objects close together.
30. The principle of using soft shell and film
A. replace the general structure with soft shell and film.
B. isolate the object from the external medium with a soft shell and a soft film.
For example, the molding method of aerated concrete products is to pour raw materials into a mold, and then let them stand in the mold for molding. It is characterized in that in order to improve the expansion degree, the raw materials in the pouring model are covered with an airtight film (Soviet invention certificate 339406).
3 1. The principle of using porous materials
A make the object porous or use additional porous elements (inlaying, covering, etc.). ).
B. If the object is porous, fill these holes with some substances in advance.
For example, the motor evaporative cooling system is characterized in that in order to save the trouble of conveying cooling liquid to the motor, the moving parts and individual parts are made of porous materials, such as porous powder steel infiltrated with liquid cooling liquid, and the cooling liquid evaporates when the machine works, thus ensuring short-time, strong and uniform cooling (Soviet invention certificate 187 135).
32. Change the color principle
A. change the color of an object or external media.
B. change the transparency of the object or external media.
C, in order to observe the hard to see objects or processes, use dyeing additives.
D. If this additive is used, please use fluorescent powder.
Examples; U.S. Pat. No.34254 12: Transparent bandage can be used to observe the injury without taking it off.
33. The principle of continuity and consistency
The objects that interact with the specified objects should be made of the same (or similar) materials.
Example: The way to obtain the fixed die is to form the working cavity of the die by casting according to the standard parts of the core die. It is characterized in that in order to compensate the shrinkage of the product formed in the mold, the core mold and the mold are made of materials opposite to the product (Soviet invention certificate 456679).
34. The principle of partial elimination and regeneration
The finished or useless parts of an object should be removed (dissolved, evaporated, etc.). ) or directly changed during work.
B. The eliminated parts shall be directly regenerated during the work.
Example: The way to check the high pressure area during welding is to add a light guide probe to the high temperature area. It is characterized in that in order to improve the possibility of checking the high-temperature area in the process of arc welding and electric spark welding, a fusible probe is adopted, and it is continuously sent to check the high-temperature area at a speed not lower than its own melting speed (invented by the Soviet Union; Certificate number 433397).
35. The principle of changing the aggregation state of objects
This includes not only simple transition, such as from solid to liquid, but also transition to false state (false liquid) and intermediate state, such as using elastic solid.
Example: German patent/KOOC-0/29/KOOC-0/2/KOOC-0/0: The deceleration section of the landing runway is built in the form of bathtub, which is filled with viscous liquid and covered with a thick elastic material.
36. The principle of phase change
By using the phenomena in the phase change process, such as volume change, heat release or heat absorption,
Example: The plug used for sealing pipes and nozzles with different cross-sectional shapes is characterized in that, in order to unify specifications and simplify the structure, the plug is made into a cup shape, which is filled with alloy with a bottom melting point. The alloy expands during solidification, which ensures the tightness of the joint (Soviet invention certificate 3 19806).
37. Using the principle of thermal expansion
A. Using thermal expansion (or thermal contraction) of materials.
B. Use some materials with different thermal expansion coefficients.
Example: Soviet invention certificate ~463423: The greenhouse cover is made of hinged hollow pipes filled with expandable liquid. When the temperature changes, the center of gravity of the pipe changes, making the pipe automatically rise and fall. This is the answer to question 30. Of course, it can also be fixed on the greenhouse cover with bimetal.
38. The principle of using strong oxidants.
A. replace ordinary air with oxygen-enriched air.
B. replace oxygen-enriched air with oxygen.
C. using ionizing radiation to act on air or oxygen.
D. use ozonated oxygen.
E ozone is used instead of ozonated (or ionized) oxygen,
Example: Iron foil is prepared by chemical gas transfer reaction in oxidant medium. It is characterized in that in order to enhance oxidation and increase the uniformity of mirror foil, the process is carried out in ozone medium (Soviet invention certificate 26 1859).
39. The principle of using inert media.
A, using inert medium instead of ordinary medium.
Carry out a process in a vacuum.
This technique is just the opposite of the above technique. Example: The method to prevent cotton from burning in the warehouse is characterized in that in order to improve the reliability of cotton storage, cotton is treated with inert gas during transportation to the storage place (Soviet invention certificate 270 170).
40. The principle of using mixed materials
From the same material to a mixed material.
For example, in heat treatment, in order to ensure the specified cooling rate, a medium is used as a metal coolant, which is characterized in that the coolant consists of a suspension of gas in a liquid (Soviet invention certificate 187060).