Source "Pinhui Essence"
Pinyin name Bai Guǒ Ye
The source is the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, a plant of Ginkgoaceae.
Most of the dried leaves are folded or broken, and the whole leaves are fan-shaped, with irregular wavy notches on the upper edge, sometimes concave in the middle and wedge-shaped at the base. Veins split parallel several times, thin and dense, smooth and hairless, easy to tear longitudinally. The smell is fragrant and the taste is slightly astringent. It is best that the yellow-green leaves are neat and undamaged.
chemical composition
The leaves contain tannins such as isorhamnetin, kaempferol, kaempferol -3- rhamnoside, quercetin, rutin, quercitrin, ginkgetin, isoflavone, ginkgolide A, catechuic essence, epicatechin and catechin.
Ginkgo biloba contains 0.7 ~ 1% wax, of which 10% is acidic, 15% is wax ester and 75% is non-ester. The main components of wax are bilobanol, octacosane, octacosane-10- ketone and octacosanol. Ginkgo biloba leaves still contain shikimic acid, α-hexenal, linolenic acid, β-sitosterol and trace stigmasterol.
Sexual taste "Yearbook of Traditional Chinese Medicine": "Sweet and bitter, flat."
Functional indication
Benefiting the heart and astringing the lung, eliminating dampness and stopping diarrhea. Treat chest distress, heartache, palpitation, excessive phlegm, asthma, cough, diarrhea and leucorrhea.
1 "the principle of good taste": "bread, stew cooked food to stop diarrhea."
2 Records of Traditional Chinese Medicine: "astringe lung qi, relieve asthma and cough, and stop turbidity." Used for excessive phlegm, asthma and cough, leucorrhea and turbidity. "
3 Su Yi's Handbook of Chinese Herbal Medicine: "Treating elephant skin legs."
Usage and dosage: decocted, 1.5 ~ 3 yuan; Let's grind it.
Pay attention to the annals of traditional Chinese medicine: "those who have real evils should not use them."
clinical application
Can be used for treating coronary heart disease.
Preliminary observation has a good effect on angina pectoris, and also has a certain effect on lowering cholesterol and blood pressure. Ginkgo biloba extract is made into tablets for oral administration, 2 tablets each time (each tablet contains 2 mg of flavonoids), 3 times a day; Or make injection for intramuscular injection, 2-4 ml each time (each ml contains flavone 1.3- 1.7 mg), twice a day. According to the observation of 139 cases, the effective rate was 34.5% (angina pectoris disappeared or obviously relieved or the number of attacks decreased, and the ECG returned to normal or improved), and the effective rate was 43.2% (angina pectoris relieved or the number of attacks decreased, ECG improved, but still fluctuated). Most patients take effect within 3 ~ 10 days after taking the medicine, and a few patients take effect within 20 ~ 40 days. After stopping taking the drug, symptoms of some cases recurred, but the degree was lighter than before treatment, and continued medication was still effective. About half of the patients' ECG returned to normal or improved, but it was not completely consistent with the improvement of angina pectoris. The blood pressure of most patients with hypertension has decreased in different degrees after taking the medicine, but the effect of single use is not as good as that of combined use with antihypertensive drugs. Of the 49 patients with hypercholesterolemia, 25 cases decreased by 20 ~ 40 mg% or more after treatment, accounting for 5 1.02%, and 18 cases increased by 20 mg%, while 6 cases remained unchanged. According to the treatment results of 100 cases of hypercholesterolemia, 88 cases of cholesterol decreased, 65 cases of phospholipid increased, and 7 1 case of cholesterol/phospholipid ratio improved. Three comprehensive evaluations: markedly effective in 49 cases, effective in 50 cases and ineffective 1 case. 23 cases were also observed, and no obvious changes in blood pressure and cholesterol were found. Second, take ginkgo flavone buccal tablets (each tablet contains ginkgo flavone 0.5 mg) under the tongue, 2 tablets each time, 3 times a day. Treating angina pectoris 4 1 case, the total effective rate is 70. 1%, of which the remarkable effect accounts for 34. 1%. Of the 32 patients who used nitroglycerin, 15 cases were reduced after treatment, and 9 cases stopped taking nitroglycerin. About half of the patients had coronary insufficiency before treatment, and the improvement after 9 weeks was consistent with the clinical effect. Ginkgo biflavone tablets can be taken sublingually, 2 tablets each time (containing 1.2 mg), 3 times a day. After 6 weeks of treatment, the effective rate was 1 case, 9 cases were improved and basically ineffective 14 cases. 2 1 case used nitroglycerin originally, 1 case stopped using nitroglycerin after treatment, and 9 cases reduced their dosage. Abnormal ECG 18 cases, improved 1 case. The earliest effective time is 2 weeks after medication, and most of them are 4 ~ 5 weeks. Ginkgo biloba, Ligusticum Chuanxiong and Carthamus tinctorius are 5 yuan each, and made into tablets, three times a day. In 60 patients with angina pectoris, the total effective rate was 75.5% after 8 weeks, and the remarkable effective rate was 1 1.7%. The effective time is 2 ~ 5 weeks. More than half of the cases can stop or reduce the dosage of nitroglycerin. In addition, Ginkgo biloba, Polygonum Multiflori Radix and Uncaria Uncaria were made into tablets for oral administration, and the daily dosage was 1.5 yuan to treat angina pectoris 129 cases. After 4 weeks, the short-term effective rate was 60.4% and the remarkable effective rate was 8.5%. Most of the curative effects appear within 2 weeks after taking the medicine. In addition, there are tablets or injections made of Ginkgo biloba combined with Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. And Polygonum multiflorum Thunb or Caragana, which have certain effects on angina pectoris, hypertension and cholesterol reduction. Ginkgo biloba leaves have few side effects, but a few patients have anorexia, nausea, loose stool, abdominal distension, dry mouth, stuffy nose, dizziness, headache and tinnitus. Allergic skin rash appeared in some cases. If the blood pressure drops significantly during the treatment, angina pectoris becomes worse, especially cardiac insufficiency, it is necessary to reduce or stop taking drugs.
Excerpt from * dictionary
Ginkgo biloba "Chinese materia medica"
The source is from "The Essence of Pinhui".
Pinyin name Bai Guǒ Ye
Alias ginkgo biloba leaves
source
Source: Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Latin plant and animal mineral name: Ginkgo biloba.
Harvesting and storage: harvesting in autumn, removing impurities, washing, drying or fresh use.
The original form of ginkgo biloba, a deciduous tree, is as high as 40 meters. There are long branches and short branches, the bark of young trees is grayish brown with shallow longitudinal cracks, and the bark of old trees is grayish brown with deep longitudinal cracks. Leaves spread spirally on long branches and form 3-5(-8) clusters on short branches; The stem length is 3- 10 cm; Leaf blade is fan-shaped, light green, glabrous, with many 2-forked parallel veinlets, the upper edge is 5-8 cm wide, shallowly wavy, and sometimes the center is shallowly or deeply split. Dioecious, unisexual, sparsely hermaphrodite; Peanuts are in the axils of scales at the top of short branches; Male cones are catkin-shaped and drooping; The stem of the female cone is very long, and the stem is often divided into two forks. There is a disc-shaped ovule at the top of each bifurcation, and only one ovule develops into a seed. Seeds drupe-shaped, oval to subglobose, 2.5-3.5 cm long and about 2 cm in diameter; Exocarp fleshy, white powder, pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Mesocarp bony, white, with 2-3 edges; Endosperm is rich in endosperm. The flowering period is March-April, and the seed maturity is 9-65438+1October.
Habitat distribution
Ecological environment: Born in acidic soil and well-drained natural forest at an altitude of 500-1000 m.
Distribution of resources: It is cultivated in Shenyang in the north, Guangzhou in the south, East China and Guizhou and Yunnan in the southwest.
Character; Role; letter
1. Character identification: The leaves are wrinkled or broken, completely fan-shaped, 4-8cm long and 5- 10cm wide, with irregular wavy notches on the upper edge, concave central part, wedge-shaped base and fine veins, mostly bifurcated parallel veins; The petiole is 2-7 cm long. Paper, easy to tear longitudinally. A slight breath, a slightly astringent taste. It is best to be yellow-green, complete.
2. Microscopic identification showed that the upper surface of the cross section of the leaf 1 had a thin chest and the cuticle was outside. The differentiation of mesophyll cells is not obvious, most of them are abnormal or rectangular, and the cells often contain brown substances or are covered by oil droplets. The vascular bundles are tough outside, and there are secretory channels between them. 1 expels epidermal cells and is surrounded by stratum corneum; Pore invagination. There are 1-2 rows of vascular bundle sheaths around the vascular bundle of the old leaves. The cells in the leaves contain calcium oxalate clusters with a diameter of 8-106 μ m.
3. Physical and chemical identification (1) Take this product 10g, add water 10ml, boil 15mm, and filter while it is hot. Take 2ml of filtrate, add a small amount of magnesium powder and 3-4 drops of hydrochloric acid, and heat in water bath for minutes, which is brownish red. (Check flavonoids) (2) Apply a proper amount of the above filtrate to filter paper, spray 2% aluminum trichloride ethanol solution, and observe it under ultraviolet lamp (365nm) after drying, showing yellow-green fluorescence. (check flavonoids)
Chemical composition: Flavonoids contained in leaves belong to flavonoids and their glycosides, such as keampferol and luteolin.
Myricetin (myricetin)
Quercus essence
Isorhamnetin
Syringin
Kaempferol -3- rhamnose glucoside
Kaempferol -3(6- p-coumaroyl -β- 1, 4- rhamnoside [Kaempferol -3-(6- p-coumaroyl -β- 1, 4- rhamnoside)].
Kaempferol -3-O-(2-O-β-D- glucopyranoside) -α-L- rhamnoside [Kaempferol -3-O(2-O-β-D- glucopyranoside) -α-L- rhamnoside]
Kaempferol -3-O-[2-O-6-O-[ p -(7-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl) coumaroyl ]-β-D- glucopyranosyl ]-α-L- glucopyranoside.
pharmacological action
1. Effects on cardiovascular system Flavonol (a mixture of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) or Ginkgo biflavonoids extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves can cause coronary vasodilation by perfusing isolated hearts of guinea pigs, and the blood pool of hind limbs can be dilated by injecting them into perfused arteries of guinea pigs, and biflavonoids in leaves can also dilate the blood vessels of hind limbs of rats. The crude leaf extract (containing 4.263mg of total flavonoids per 1ml) can resist the vasoconstriction induced by adrenaline in isolated rabbit ears, and the effect of total glycosides is weak. It is 20-40 times of the clinical dosage of intramuscular injection in anesthetized rabbits, and has no effect on blood pressure and breathing. Like flavonol, ethanol extract has no effect on blood pressure, heart and respiration in cats and rabbits. If flavonol is injected into guinea pigs which is more than the dose of vasodilator 100- 1000 times, it can cause moderate hypotension and accelerate heart rate and breathing. It raises blood pressure in rats, but these changes are related to anesthesia, animal excitement and solvents, so it has no practical value. Oral or intravenous leaf extract can increase cerebral blood flow and improve brain nutrition in patients with Parkinson's disease.
2. Effects on smooth muscle Flavonols or ginkgolides have spasmolytic effects on isolated intestines of guinea pigs, and can also resist spasticity caused by histamine and barium chloride, which is similar to papaverine, but has a lasting effect; The ethanol extract of leaves can antagonize the spasticity of histamine and acetylcholine on isolated trachea and ileum of guinea pigs, and also antagonize the role of barium chloride in intestinal experiment. Intraperitoneal injection can prevent guinea pig asthma caused by histamine, and Ginkgo biloba flavonoids can dilate bronchi in guinea pig lung overflow test or histamine spray test. Biflavonoids in leaves have spasmolytic effect on intestinal spasm caused by bradykinin.
3. Other effects: Tablets containing flavonoids, Ginkgo biloba extract and Ginkgo biloba extract seem to reduce serum cholesterol level, increase phospholipids and improve C/P ratio in patients with hypercholesterolemia, and seem to have a certain antihypertensive effect in patients with hypertension, but the magnitude is not large. The preliminary test tube test has antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. Alkaloids isolated from ginkgo bark have the functions of contracting blood vessels and dilating pupils.
Intravenous injection of 0.5- 1 ml/kg (1 ml is equivalent to 0.5g of crude drug) of toxic leaf extract 10 for 0 days showed no change in hemogram, liver, renal function and pathological examination. Intravenous injection of drugs that are 10-40 times larger than human dose for 1 week. Histological examination showed excessive secretion of intestinal mucosa, increased intestinal peristalsis in anesthetized dogs and rabbits, and local arteriosclerosis after injection. Flavonol has no effect on hemogram and coagulation system, but higher dose can hinder coagulation.
Bitter in nature; Gan; Astringent; Gender equality; Small poison.
Return to the heart; Lung; Spleen meridian
Functions are mainly used for promoting blood circulation, nourishing heart, astringing lung and astringing intestine. Indications for chest pain and heartache; Asthma, cough, excessive phlegm and cough; Diarrhea and dysentery; whites
Oral administration and dosage: decocted, 3-9g; Or making the extract into tablets; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: appropriate amount, pounded or rubbed; Or fried and washed.
Pay attention to the chronicle of traditional Chinese medicine: it is not suitable for those who are evil.
Various exhibitions
1. "The Essentials of Pinhui": bread, stewed cooked food to stop diarrhea.
2. TCM annals: astringe lung qi, relieve asthma and cough, and stop turbidity. Treat phlegm, asthma and cough with white and turbid discharge.
3. Su Yi's Chinese herbal medicine hand