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If the make-up exam is still unqualified, the exam will be terminated and the applicants will make a new appointment, but the exams for subject 2 and subject 3 will be conducted within ten days. Subject 3: Those who fail in the common sense test of safe and civilized driving will pass the road driving skill test effectively.
During the validity period of the learning driving certificate, the number of times to make an appointment for the road driving skills test in subjects 2 and 3 shall not exceed five times. If the fifth appointment exam is still unqualified, the scores of other subjects that have passed the exam will be invalid.
Forty-fifth vehicle management office should use a unified computer system to randomly select examiners on the same day, randomly arrange candidates to be grouped, and randomly select the examination route before organizing the examination.
Forty-sixth personnel engaged in the examination work shall hold the qualification certificate issued by the traffic management department of the provincial public security organ. The traffic administrative department of the public security organ shall select a sufficient number of full-time examiners among the public security police of the vehicle management office, and may be equipped with part-time examiners among the civilian staff of the public security police and the traffic administrative department of the public security organ. You can hire drivers, police supervisors and other personnel of transportation enterprises to undertake the duties of auxiliary evaluation and supervision of examinations.
Invigilators should conscientiously perform their examination duties, take exams in strict accordance with regulations and accept social supervision. Introduce yourself before the exam, explain the exam requirements, and verify the identity of the applicants; In the examination, the examination procedures should be strictly implemented, and the examination results should be evaluated according to the examination items and examination standards; After the examination, the examination results shall be announced on the spot, and the reasons for the unqualified examination shall be evaluated.
The examination report of each subject shall be signed by the applicant and the examiner. Unsigned motor vehicle driver's license shall not be issued.
Article 47 invigilators, examination assistants, invigilators and examination room staff shall strictly abide by the examination discipline, and shall not endorse qualified examination results for those who do not meet the requirements of motor vehicle driver's license, fail the examination or fail the examination, shall not reduce the examination items, lower the grading standards or participate, assist or condone cheating in the examination, shall not participate in or participate in the business activities of driving training institutions in disguise, and shall not collect property from driving training institutions, coaches and applicants.
Article 48 The traffic administrative department of a municipality directly under the central government or a city divided into districts or the public security organ at the same level shall build an examination room according to the needs of local examinations and equip it with a sufficient number of examination vehicles. If the layout and quantity of the examination room can't meet the needs of local examinations, the social examination room shall be used by the government to purchase services, and it shall be determined through public bidding and other procedures in accordance with the principle of fair competition and merit-based admission.
Examination site construction, road section setting, vehicle equipment, facilities and equipment configuration, examination items and evaluation requirements should meet the relevant standards. The examination venue, examination equipment and examination system shall be used only after passing the acceptance by the traffic administrative department of the provincial public security organ. The traffic administrative department of the public security organ shall strengthen the supervision and management of the examination room under its jurisdiction, and regularly supervise and inspect the examination room, examination vehicles, examination equipment and examination room management.
Section 3 Examination Supervision and Management
Forty-ninth vehicle management office shall publish the examination ability, appointment plan, number of appointments and examination results of each examination room in the service hall, waiting room and the Internet, and publish the examination room layout, examination route and process. The examination appointment plan shall be published on the Internet at least ten days before the examination.
The vehicle management office should broadcast the video of the test to the masses in the waiting room and service hall, and candidates can check their own video materials within three days after the end of the test.
Fiftieth vehicle management office shall record and video the whole examination process, and monitor the examination process in real time. No examination shall be organized without audio and video recording equipment. Strict examination discipline, standardize the order of the examination room, and suspend the examination if the order of the examination room is chaotic. During the examination, the invigilator shall use the law enforcement recorder to record the invigilation process.
The vehicle management office shall establish an audio and video information file to save the audio and video data recorded by audio and video recording equipment and law enforcement recorders. The establishment of the examination quality inspection system, the daily inspection of audio-visual materials files, found that there is a violation of examination discipline, disorder in the examination room and audio-visual materials missing or incomplete, should be investigated.
The traffic administrative department of the provincial public security organ shall regularly check the audio and video information files, and report, correct and investigate the problems found in time.
Fifty-first vehicle management office shall, according to the actual situation of the examination venue, examination equipment, examination vehicles and the number of examination personnel. , verify the maximum daily examination volume of each examination room and examiner.
The vehicle management office shall record the coaches, coaches and training venues of driving training institutions.
Article 52 The vehicle management office shall monitor and analyze the motor vehicle driver's examination and motor vehicle driver's license business through the computer system every week. The traffic administrative department of the public security organ at the provincial level shall establish a supervision system for motor vehicle drivers' examinations in the whole province (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), monitor and analyze the handling of motor vehicle drivers' examinations and motor vehicle driver's licenses every month, and promptly investigate and report the problems found.
In the vehicle management office, if there are serious illegal acts such as issuing motor vehicle driver's licenses to those who have not passed the examination or failed the examination, the traffic management department of the public security organ at a higher level may suspend the vehicle management office to handle related business or assign other vehicle management office personnel to take over the business.
Article 53 The traffic administrative department of a municipality directly under the central government or a city divided into districts or the public security organ at the same level shall announce to the public every month the examination quality of motor vehicle driving license examiners, the traffic violation rate and traffic accident rate of drivers with driving experience within three years, etc.
The traffic administrative department of a municipality directly under the central government, a city divided into districts or a public security organ at the same level shall announce to the public every month the passing rate, traffic violation rate and traffic accident rate of drivers who have been driving for three years, publicly rank the training quality of driving training institutions according to the passing rate, and notify the competent training department.
Article 54 If a driver who has been driving for more than three years has been mainly responsible for a traffic accident in which more than three people were killed, the traffic administrative department of the provincial public security organ shall inquire about the examination and certification at the vehicle management office and announce the results to the public. If a driver with driving experience has a traffic accident in which 1 or two people died within three years, and bears the main responsibility, the traffic management department of the municipality directly under the central government, the city divided into districts or the public security organ at the same level shall organize the responsibility investigation.
If the traffic administrative department of a municipality directly under the central government or a city divided into districts or the public security organ at the same level finds that driving training institutions and their coaches have shortened training hours, reduced training items, bribed examiners, demanded property from students in the name of promising to pass the exam, participated in the issuance of illegal driver's licenses or cheated in the exam, they shall notify the training authorities and announce it to the public.
The traffic administrative department of the public security organ shall not continue to use the examination room or purchase the examination equipment of the enterprise if it finds that the examination room or the examination equipment production and sales enterprise has organized or participated in the examination fraud, forged or tampered with the examination system data; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
Chapter IV Issuance, Replacement and Replacement of Certificates
Article 55 After passing the examination, the applicant shall receive not less than half an hour's education on common sense of traffic safety and civilized driving and warning of traffic accident cases, and attend the oath ceremony for obtaining the license.
The vehicle management office shall issue a motor vehicle driver's license on the day when the applicant participates in the swearing-in ceremony. To apply for increasing the number of quasi-driving models, the original motor vehicle driver's license shall be withdrawn. Demobilized, demobilized or retired, the motor vehicle driver's license shall be withdrawn.
Article 56 If a motor vehicle driver fails to record 12 points in each scoring cycle within the six-year validity period of the motor vehicle driver's license, he shall issue a new motor vehicle driver's license with a ten-year validity period; If 12 points are not recorded in each scoring cycle within the ten-year validity period of the motor vehicle driver's license, a long-term valid motor vehicle driver's license shall be renewed.
Fifty-seventh motor vehicle drivers shall, within 90 days before the expiration of the motor vehicle driving license, apply to the motor vehicle management office at or outside the place where the motor vehicle driving license is issued. An application form shall be filled in when applying, and the following documents and vouchers shall be submitted:
(a) the identity certificate of the motor vehicle driver;
(2) Motor vehicle driving license;
(3) A certificate of physical condition issued by a medical institution at or above the county level or at the regiment level. To apply for a small automatic passenger car for the disabled, a physical condition certificate issued by a specialized medical institution designated by the Provincial Health Department shall be submitted.
Fifty-eighth motor vehicle drivers who move out of the jurisdiction of the original vehicle management office shall apply to the vehicle management office for replacement. Motor vehicle drivers living outside the jurisdiction of the vehicle management office may apply to the vehicle management office for a new card. When applying, you should fill in the application form, submit the motor vehicle driver's identity certificate and motor vehicle driver's license, and declare your physical condition.
Fifty-ninth elderly people over the age of 60 are not allowed to drive buses, tractors, city buses, medium-sized buses, large trucks, trolleybuses and trams; Holders of driver's licenses for large buses, tractors, city buses, medium-sized buses and large trucks shall apply for motor vehicle driver's licenses for small cars or small automatic cars at the motor vehicle management office outside the place where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued or issued.
Those over 70 years old are not allowed to drive low-speed trucks, three-wheeled vehicles, ordinary three-wheeled motorcycles, ordinary two-wheeled motorcycles and wheeled self-propelled vehicles; Holders of ordinary three-wheeled motorcycles and ordinary two-wheeled motorcycles shall apply for mopeds' motor vehicle driving licenses at the motor vehicle management offices outside the place where motor vehicle driving licenses are issued or issued.
When applying, an application form shall be filled in, and the certificates and vouchers specified in Article 57 shall be submitted.
Motor vehicle drivers who voluntarily reduce the number of quasi-driving types shall fill in the application form and submit the identity certificate of motor vehicle drivers and motor vehicle driver's license.
Article 60 Under any of the following circumstances, a motor vehicle driver shall, within 30 days, apply to the motor vehicle management office at the place where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued or outside the place where it is issued:
(a) within the jurisdiction of the vehicle management office, the driver's information recorded in the motor vehicle driver's license has changed;
(2) The motor vehicle driving license is damaged beyond recognition.
When applying, an application form shall be filled in, and the identity certificate of the motor vehicle driver and the motor vehicle driver's license shall be submitted.
Article 61 If a motor vehicle driver's physical condition changes and does not meet the driver's license requirements, but meets other driver's license requirements, he shall, within 30 days, apply to the motor vehicle management department at the place where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued or outside the place where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued. When applying, an application form shall be filled in, and a motor vehicle driver's identity certificate, a motor vehicle driver's license and a physical condition certificate issued by a medical institution at or above the county level or a medical institution at the regiment level shall be submitted.
Motor vehicle driver's physical condition changes, does not meet the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 12 or has one of the circumstances stipulated in Article 13, and is not suitable for driving a motor vehicle, it shall apply to the vehicle management office where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued for cancellation within 30 days. When applying, an application form shall be filled in, and the identity certificate of the motor vehicle driver and the motor vehicle driver's license shall be submitted.
Motor vehicle drivers are not allowed to drive motor vehicles if their physical conditions are not suitable for driving them.
Article 62 If the provisions of Article 57 to Article 60 and Paragraph 1 of Article 61 are met, the motor vehicle management office shall issue a new motor vehicle driver's license within one day. In accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of article sixty-first, the motor vehicle driver's license shall be cancelled within one day. Among them, those who meet the requirements of Articles 58 to 61 shall have their original motor vehicle driver's license withdrawn.
Article 63 If a motor vehicle driver's license is lost, the driver of the motor vehicle shall apply to the motor vehicle management office at or outside the place where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued. An application form shall be filled in when applying, and the following documents and vouchers shall be submitted:
(a) the identity certificate of the motor vehicle driver;
(2) A written statement on the loss of the motor vehicle driver's license.
In line with the provisions, the vehicle management office shall reissue the motor vehicle driver's license within one day.
After a motor vehicle driver issues a new motor vehicle driver's license, the original motor vehicle driver's license will be invalid and may not be used any more.
During the period when the motor vehicle driver's license is sealed up, detained or temporarily detained according to law, the motor vehicle driver may not apply for replacement.
Article 64 Where a motor vehicle driver applies to the motor vehicle management office for renewal or replacement of a license plate in accordance with the provisions of Article 57, Article 59, Article 60, Paragraph 1 of Article 61 and Article 63, it shall also be handled in accordance with the provisions of Article 58.
Chapter V Management of Motor Vehicle Drivers
Score in the first quarter
Article 65 The cumulative scoring cycle of road traffic safety violations (i.e. scoring cycle) is 12 months, with a full score of 12, which is counted from the date when the motor vehicle driver's license is obtained for the first time.
According to the severity of road traffic safety violations, the scores of a score are: 12, 6, 3, 2, 1 (Annex 4).
Article 66 The punishment and scoring of motor vehicle drivers' road traffic safety violations shall be carried out at the same time.
Motor vehicle drivers who have scored more than two illegal acts at a time shall calculate and accumulate scores respectively.
Article 67 If a motor vehicle driver refuses to accept the punishment for road traffic safety violations and changes or cancels the original punishment decision according to law after applying for administrative reconsideration or bringing an administrative lawsuit, he shall change or cancel the corresponding score.
Article 68 If the cumulative score of a motor vehicle driver reaches 12 in a scoring cycle, the traffic administrative department of the public security organ shall detain his motor vehicle driver's license.
Motor vehicle drivers shall, within 15 days, attend the seven-day study of road traffic safety laws, regulations and related knowledge at the traffic administrative department of the public security organ where the motor vehicle driver's license is issued or where the illegal act is committed. After motor vehicle drivers take part in the study, the vehicle management office shall take an examination of road traffic safety laws, regulations and related knowledge within 20 days. If you pass the exam, the score will be cleared and the motor vehicle driver's license will be returned; Those who fail the exam will continue to take part in the study and exam. Those who refuse to take part in the study or examination shall be announced by the traffic administrative department of the public security organ to stop using their motor vehicle driving licenses.
Motor vehicle drivers who have scored 12 twice or scored more than 24 points in a scoring cycle shall also take a road driving skill test at the vehicle management office within 10 days after passing the road traffic safety laws, regulations and related knowledge test. Those who take the road driving skill test shall take the test of the highest permitted driving type specified in their motor vehicle driving license.
Article 69 Motor vehicle drivers who fail to score 12 within a scoring period shall be punished.
If a third party knowingly commits a civil act with the actor without the agency right, beyond the agency right or the agency right has been terminated, thus causing damage to others, the third party and the actor shall be jointly and severally liable.
Article 67 If an agent conducts agency activities knowing that the entrusted matters are illegal, or if the principal knows that the agent's agency behavior is illegal and does not object, the principal and the agent shall bear joint liability.
Article 68 If an entrusted agent needs to entrust others to act for the principal's benefit, it shall obtain the principal's consent in advance. Without the prior consent of the client, the client shall be informed in time afterwards. If the principal does not agree, except in an emergency, in order to protect the interests of the principal, the agent shall bear civil liability for the acts of the principal.
Article 69 The entrusted agency shall be terminated under any of the following circumstances:
(1) The agency term expires or the agency affairs are completed;
(2) The principal cancels the entrustment or the agent abandons the entrustment;
(3) The death of the agent;
(4) The agent loses the capacity for civil conduct;
(5) The legal person who is the principal or agent terminates.
Article 70 Under any of the following circumstances, the legal agency or designated agency shall terminate:
(1) The principal has acquired or restored the capacity for civil conduct;
(2) The principal or agent dies;
(3) The agent loses the capacity for civil conduct;
(four) the people's court or the designated unit that appointed the agent canceled the designation;
(5) The guardianship relationship between the principal and the agent is eliminated for other reasons.
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Property Rights Related to Property Ownership
Article 71 Property ownership refers to the right of the owner to possess, use, profit from and dispose of his property according to law.
Article 72 The acquisition of property ownership shall not violate the law.
Where property is acquired in accordance with the contract or other legal means, the ownership of the property shall be transferred from the time of delivery of the property, unless it is otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
Article 73 State property belongs to the whole people.
State property is sacred and inviolable, and it is forbidden for any organization or individual to occupy, plunder, privately divide, intercept or destroy it.
Article 74 The property of a collective organization of working people belongs to the collective of working people, including:
(a) land and forests, mountains, grasslands, wasteland, beaches, etc. The law stipulates that it belongs to the collective;
(2) Property of collective economic organizations;
(3) Collectively owned buildings, reservoirs, irrigation and water conservancy facilities and educational, scientific, cultural, health and sports facilities;
(4) Other property owned by the collective.
Collectively owned land belongs to village farmers collectively according to law, and is managed by village agricultural production cooperatives and other agricultural collective economic organizations or villagers' committees. Those that already belong to the township (town) farmers' collective economic organizations can be collectively owned by the township (town) farmers.
Collectively owned property is protected by law, and it is forbidden for any organization or individual to occupy, plunder, privately divide, destroy or illegally seal up, detain, freeze or confiscate it.
Article 75 A citizen's personal property includes his lawful income, house, savings, articles for daily use, cultural relics, books and reference materials, trees, livestock, means of production and other lawful property permitted by law.
The lawful property of citizens is protected by law, and it is forbidden for any organization or individual to occupy, plunder, destroy or illegally seal up, detain, freeze or confiscate it.
Article 76 Citizens have the right to inherit property according to law.
Article 77 The lawful property of social organizations, including religious organizations, shall be protected by law.
Article 78 Property may be owned by two or more citizens or legal persons.
* * * is divided into * * * and with * * *. According to their respective shares, * * * has the right and obligation to share the property. * * * and * * * some people have rights and obligations to all the property of * * *.
Everyone who owns stock property has the right to demand the division or transfer of his shares. But at the time of sale, other people have the preemptive right under the same conditions.
Article 79 Buried or hidden objects whose owners are unknown belong to the state. The receiving unit shall give praise or material rewards to the units or individuals turned over.
Lost property, drifting objects or stray animals shall be returned to the owner, and the expenses incurred therefrom shall be reimbursed by the owner.
Article 80 State-owned land may be used by units under ownership by the whole people or units under collective ownership according to law, and the state protects its right to use and income. Users have the obligation of management, protection and rational utilization.
The right of citizens and collectives to contract and operate collectively-owned land owned by collectives or the state according to law is protected by law. The rights and obligations of the contractor shall be stipulated in the contract according to law.
Land may not be bought, sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred in other forms.
Article 81 Natural resources such as forests, mountains, grasslands, wasteland, beaches and water surfaces owned by the state can be used by units under ownership by the whole people or units under collective ownership according to law, and the state protects their right to use and benefits; Users have the obligation of management, protection and rational utilization.
State-owned mineral deposits can be mined by units under ownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership according to law, or by citizens according to law. The state protects legitimate mining rights.
Citizens and collectives have the right to contract for the management of forests, mountains, grasslands, wasteland, beaches and water surfaces owned by collectives or by the state according to law, which are protected by law. The rights and obligations of the contractor shall be stipulated in the contract according to law.
Mineral deposits and streams owned by the state, woodland, mountains, grasslands, wasteland and beaches owned by the state and collectively owned by the law shall not be bought, sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred in other forms.
Article 82 An enterprise owned by the whole people enjoys the right to operate the property entrusted to it by the state and is protected by law.
Eighty-third adjacent parties to real estate should correctly handle the adjacent relations such as water interception, drainage, transportation, ventilation and lighting in accordance with the spirit of convenient production, convenient life, solidarity and mutual assistance, fairness and reasonableness. If it causes obstruction or loss to the neighboring party, it shall stop the infringement, remove the obstruction and compensate for the loss.
Section 2 Creditor's Rights
Article 84 A debt is a specific relationship of rights and obligations between the parties according to the contract or the law. Creditors are creditors and debtors are debtors.
The creditor has the right to require the debtor to perform its obligations in accordance with the contract or according to law.
Article 85 A contract is an agreement between the parties to establish, change or terminate a civil relationship. Contracts established according to law are protected by law.
Article 86 Where there are more than two creditors, they shall share the rights according to the determined share. If there are more than two debtors, they shall share the obligations according to the determined share.
Article 87 Where there are more than two creditors or debtors, each joint creditor has the right to require the debtor to perform its obligations in accordance with the provisions of the law or the agreement of the parties. Every debtor who is jointly and severally liable has the obligation to pay off all debts, and the person who has fulfilled the obligation has the right to ask other persons who are jointly and severally liable to pay his share.
Article 88 The parties to a contract shall fully perform their contractual obligations.
If the quality, time limit, place or price agreed in the contract are unclear and cannot be determined according to the relevant provisions of the contract, and the parties cannot reach an agreement through consultation, the following provisions shall apply:
(a) the quality requirements are not clear, in accordance with the national quality standards, there is no national quality standards, in accordance with the usual standards.
(2) If the time limit for performance is not clear, the debtor may perform its obligations to the creditor at any time, and the creditor may also require the debtor to perform its obligations at any time, but the other party shall be given the necessary preparation time.
(3) Where the place of performance is unclear, if the payment is made in currency, it shall be performed at the place where the party receiving the payment is located, and other targets shall be performed at the place where the party performing the obligation is located.
(four) the price is not clear, in accordance with the provisions of the state price; Where the state does not stipulate the price, it shall be implemented with reference to the market price or the price of similar goods or the remuneration standard of similar services.
If the right to apply for a patent is not stipulated in the contract, the party who completed the invention-creation shall enjoy the right to apply.
If there is no agreement on the right to use scientific and technological achievements in the contract, all parties have the right to use them.
Article 89 In accordance with the provisions of the law or the agreement of the parties, the performance of debts may be guaranteed in the following ways:
(1) The guarantor guarantees the creditor that the debtor will perform the debt, and if the debtor fails to perform the debt, the guarantor will perform or bear joint liability as agreed; The guarantor has the right to recover from the debtor after performing the debt.
(2) The debtor or a third party may provide certain property as collateral. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the creditor has the right to discount the collateral or give priority to compensation with the price of selling the collateral according to law.
(3) One party may pay the deposit to the other party within the scope prescribed by law. After the debtor performs the debt, the deposit shall be used as the price or recovered. If the party paying the deposit fails to perform the debt, it has no right to demand the return of the deposit; If the party accepting the deposit fails to perform the debt, it shall return the deposit twice.
(4) If one party takes possession of the other party's property according to the contract, and the other party fails to pay the payable amount according to the contract within the agreed time limit, the possessor has the right to retain the property, and the retained property shall be discounted according to law or be paid in priority with the price of selling the property.
Article 90 Legal lending relationships are protected by law.
Article 91 If one party to a contract transfers all or part of its rights and obligations to a third party, it shall obtain the consent of the other party to the contract and shall not make profits. Contracts that should be approved by the state according to law must be approved by the original approving authority. However, unless otherwise stipulated by law or otherwise stipulated in the original contract.
Article 92 If improper benefits are obtained without legal basis and losses are caused to others, the improper benefits obtained shall be returned to the person who has suffered losses.
Article 93 If there is no legal or agreed obligation to manage or provide services to avoid losses to others' interests, the beneficiary has the right to demand payment of necessary expenses.
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Article 94 Citizens and legal persons enjoy copyright and the rights to sign, publish, publish and receive remuneration according to law.
Article 95 The patent rights obtained by citizens and legal persons according to law shall be protected by law.
Article 96 The exclusive right to use trademarks obtained by legal persons, individual industrial and commercial households and individual partnerships according to law shall be protected by law.
Article 97 Citizens have the right to discover their own discoveries. The discoverer has the right to apply for discovery certificate, bonus or other awards.
Citizens have the right to apply for honorary certificates, bonuses or other awards for their inventions or other scientific and technological achievements.
Section 4 Personal Rights
Article 98 Citizens have the right to life and health.
Article 99 Citizens have the right to name, and have the right to decide, use and change their names according to regulations. Interference, misappropriation and counterfeiting are prohibited.
Legal persons, individual industrial and commercial households and individual partnerships enjoy the right to name. Enterprise legal persons, individual industrial and commercial households and individual partnerships have the right to use and transfer their names according to law.
Article 100 Citizens shall enjoy the right to portrait, and shall not use their portraits for profit without their consent.
Article 101 Citizens and legal persons enjoy the right of reputation, and their personal dignity is protected by law. It is forbidden to damage the reputation of citizens and legal persons by insulting or slandering.
Article 102 Citizens and legal persons enjoy the right of honor, and it is forbidden to illegally deprive them of their honorary titles.
Article 103 Citizens shall enjoy the right of autonomy in marriage, and buying and selling, arranged marriages and other acts that interfere with the freedom of marriage are prohibited.
Article 104 Marriage, family, the elderly, mothers and children are protected by law.
The legitimate rights and interests of the disabled are protected by law.
Article 105 Women enjoy equal civil rights with men.
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Provisions
Article 106 A citizen or legal person who violates a contract or fails to perform other obligations shall bear civil liability.