According to reports, the industry standard of alginate fertilizer was drafted by Shanghai Institute of Chemical Technology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regionalization of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Enbao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and other units, which stipulated the terms and definitions, requirements, test methods, inspection rules, labels, packaging, transportation and storage of alginate fertilizer. It is suitable for alginate coated urea, mixed fertilizer containing part of alginate coated urea, alginate compound fertilizer and water-soluble fertilizer containing alginate, which are produced from seaweed, granular urea, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The standard stipulates the mass fraction of alginate and the inhibition rate of ammonia volatilization.
Do you really know what seaweed fertilizer is?
Seaweed fertilizer refers to the biological fertilizer produced by fermentation, acid-base method or mixed fertilizer method with seaweed or seaweed extract as raw materials. This fertilizer is clearly recognized as an application product of organic agriculture in EU IMO, ECOCERT, OMIR of North America, JAS standard of Japan and China organic food technical specification. It has three main functions, namely, improving soil, improving crop photosynthesis and improving crop stress resistance.
Seaweed is rich in various nutrients, including vitamins, polysaccharides, alginic acid, mannitol, betaine, highly unsaturated fatty acids, antibiotics and various natural plant hormones. Seaweed has a simple biological structure, which is conducive to processing and extracting active substances, and has been widely used in medicine, food, agriculture and other fields.
As early as a few years ago, China defined seaweed fertilizer as "water-soluble fertilizer containing alginic acid" at the level of fertilizer registration, and formulated national standards, but it was cancelled due to the lack of product testing methods and was uniformly classified as "organic water-soluble fertilizer". According to the data of 20 15, there are 44 registration certificates of seaweed-related fertilizers, only 8 raw seaweed fertilizers, and the organic matter in the technical indicators is ≥40%. The other 36 kinds are seaweed formula fertilizers with alginic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements as technical indicators, among which alginic acid is one of the technical indicators ≥ 15%.
Classification of seaweed fertilizer
The classification of seaweed fertilizer in the agricultural market is not uniform, and there are several common classifications:
Firstly, according to the proportion of nutrient components, nutrient elements needed by plants are added and made into liquid or powder. According to its function, it can be divided into broad-spectrum type, high nitrogen type, high potassium type, frost resistance type, disease resistance type, growth regulation type, medium and trace element type, etc., which is suitable for all crops.
Secondly, according to the physical state, it can be divided into liquid seaweed fertilizer, such as liquid foliar fertilizer and flushing fertilizer; Solid seaweed fertilizer, such as powdery foliar fertilizer, powdery flushing fertilizer and granular seaweed fertilizer.
Thirdly, according to the added effective components, it can be divided into seaweed fertilizer containing humic acid, seaweed fertilizer containing amino acid, seaweed fertilizer containing chitin, seaweed fertilizer containing rare earth elements and so on.
Fourthly, seaweed bacterial fertilizer is a product obtained by microbial fermentation directly using seaweed or the residue of active substances extracted from seaweed.
Five, according to the application mode, it is divided into foliar fertilizer: it is used for foliar fertilization and spraying; Flushing fertilization: used for shallow root fertilization; Seed soaking, seed dressing and root soaking with seaweed fertilizer: the seaweed fertilizer is diluted according to a certain proportion, and then the seeds are soaked or dried in the shade before sowing. When transplanting or cutting seedlings, soak the cutting stems with seaweed fertilizer, apply drip irrigation seaweed fertilizer with dropper, and use granular, powdery and mixed seaweed fertilizer as base fertilizer.
6. Algae bio-organic fertilizer, organic-inorganic compound fertilizer: Qingdao Yueming Lanhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. is recognized in the industry as a bio-organic fertilizer made from submerged algae residue through triple biological fermentation. Xintianlong Group's seaweed bio-organic and inorganic compound fertilizer has also been widely used in many crops.
Development status of seaweed fertilizer in the world
At present, there are about150,000 tons of seaweed products in the world every year (FAO, 2006), with an economic value of about $59.93 billion. Only 65,438+0.6% were used as nutritional supplements and biological fertilizers to promote crop growth and yield.
According to the statistics of New International Agriculture, an authoritative magazine in the international agricultural field, the economic value of seaweed fertilizer in the European market in 20 12 was 2-4 billion euros, and the lowest estimate in the world was 8 billion euros, accounting for only 2% of the whole agricultural market (including chemical fertilizer, insecticidal and bactericidal markets). The economic value of seaweed fertilizer in agriculture is enormous. China market is an important part of the world seaweed fertilizer market, and a large number of foreign seaweed fertilizers have flooded into China agricultural resources market.
French first applied for the patent of seaweed extract disease-resistant products (also known as "plant vaccine") in China; Norwegian elgar is the first company to obtain fertilizer registration certificate in China.
At present, seaweed fertilizer production enterprises in China are mainly distributed in coastal areas such as Shandong, Jiangsu and Guangdong. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 300 seaweed fertilizer production enterprises in China at present, and there are about 500 kinds of products labeled "seaweed fertilizer" in the national agricultural resources market.
At present, there are many kinds of foreign seaweed fertilizers in China market, and the brands highly recognized by farmers are: Irish Atlantis Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Italian Vallaro KENDAL series seaweed immune products, Australian Seasol, South African Keipke, elgar Algifert, British OMAS, Canadian Acadian seaweed Co., Ltd. series products.
The influx of foreign seaweed fertilizer into China market has also promoted the development of local seaweed in China. At present, well-known local enterprises mainly include Shandong Enbao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao Haijing Linghai Algae Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao Yueming Lanhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xintianlong Group, Beijing Lilei, Qingdao Haida Bio, Zhejiang Dongyang Lianfeng and so on.
Raw materials of seaweed fertilizer
Green algae, red algae and brown algae are used in agriculture, but the common seaweed fertilizer raw materials in the market are mainly submerged algae, kelp, kelp and Sargassum.
Fucoidosporium is mainly distributed in the North Atlantic and 43 countries including Ireland, Canada, Norway, Spain, France and Britain. The series of seaweed fertilizers mainly promoted by Atlantis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. of Ireland and Shenbao Company of Guangdong Province are made of seaweed in Irish waters.
Ta 'er Temple is mainly distributed on the west coast of South Africa and Namibia. The raw materials of kelp seaweed fertilizer (such as Keipke) in agricultural products market mainly come from South Africa.
Fingered kelp and narrow-leaved kelp are the most widely used kelp species in agricultural research. Fingered kelp was found in 49 countries including France, Canada, Ireland and Spain. Kelp resources are mainly concentrated in China, Japanese, Russian and French.
Sargassum resources are mainly distributed in China, Viet Nam, Indonesia and other countries around the South China Sea.
"Our raw materials are fresh brown algae from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea and submerged algae from abroad. The six-month growth cycle and advanced extraction technology can preserve the original state of active substances in algae." Li Guomin, general manager of Haijingling, stressed that high-quality raw materials and advanced technology ensure that the produced seaweed fertilizer has complete nutrients and high content of seaweed active substances.
Production method of seaweed fertilizer
In the production of seaweed fertilizer, the process of extracting the contents of seaweed cells by cell disruption or solubilization, and at the same time degrading macromolecules into soluble and easily absorbed micromolecules is called seaweed digestion.
The common methods are physical method (mechanical crushing method), which is environmentally friendly and can retain the active components in seaweed to the greatest extent, but requires high equipment;
Chemical method (organic solvent or acid-base chemicals) is the main method to produce alginic acid at present, which has a certain destructive effect on the active components in seaweed;
Biological methods (microbial fermentation, enzymes, etc. ) It can not only retain the active components of seaweed, but also transform its macromolecules into small molecules that can be directly absorbed by crops, such as direct fermentation by microorganisms, and can also produce active components that are beneficial to crops that are not contained in other seaweed raw materials, but the technical requirements are high and the product stability is difficult to control. Different processing technology is one of the core differences of different functions of seaweed fertilizer products, and the functions of seaweed fertilizer with different processes are also different.
"With the continuous improvement of extraction technology, seaweed fertilizer can not only improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer, but also optimize the soil structure and solve the physiological and nutritional obstacles of crops." Fu, head of biotechnology in Shandong Enbao, pointed out that from the initial rotten algae, to algae ash, to algae essence, to the latest alginate value-added fertilizer, seaweed fertilizer can not only be produced on a large scale and absorbed by crops, but also has special functions such as optimizing soil.
Shandong Enbao Biotechnology adopts international leading invention patents and solid-state fermentation cell wall autolysis technology to ensure the natural components and biological activities of active substances in brown algae, which are rich in alginic acid, mannitol, natural biostimulants and various crop physiological active enzymes, and the product effect is outstanding.
Due to the high price of biological enzyme and the complex enzymatic hydrolysis process, only a few domestic enterprises can master and use the international advanced enzymatic hydrolysis technology. Qingdao Haijingling Seaweed Biological Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Haijingling") successfully mastered and applied this advanced technology, becoming the first seaweed fertilizer production enterprise in China to adopt low-temperature directional enzymolysis process.
Function of seaweed fertilizer
Seaweed fertilizer has been used in agriculture for a long time, which has the functions of improving soil physical properties, affecting rhizosphere microbial population, promoting photosynthesis and improving crop stress resistance.
Improve soil environment
Studies have shown that seaweed fertilizer is rich in polyuronic acid glycosides, such as alginic acid. The chelation and hydrophilicity of these active substances can improve the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, thus improving the water retention capacity of soil and promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere.
The molecular weight of alginic acid extracted from brown algae such as Fucus and Sargassum is between 106.6 ~ 177.3 kDa; Alginate can react with metal ions in soil to generate high molecular weight compounds, improve the structure of soil aggregates, and thus help to maintain soil moisture. Good soil ventilation environment can stimulate the growth of crop roots and rhizosphere microorganisms.
Improve crop photosynthesis
It has been proved that seaweed extract contains betaines, such as glycine betaine, 6- aminovalerate betaine and aminobutyric acid betaine. The results showed that the chlorophyll content in the leaves of crops treated with the mixed solution of Phaeocystis extract and betaine with the same concentration (the composition is the same as that of betaine in Phaeocystis extract) was higher than that of the control after about 60 days. It is speculated that the increase of chlorophyll content in crops by seaweed extract may be related to its betaine composition.
Improve the stress resistance of crops
Abiotic adversity such as drought and low temperature will affect the normal growth of crops and reduce their yield. Field experiments showed that Maxicrop, an extract of seaweed, could improve the abiotic stress resistance of crops such as cold resistance and drought resistance. Algae fertilizer tests all show the ability to stimulate crops to resist abiotic stress, but the mechanism of active components in algae affecting this physiological metabolism activity of crops has been unknown.
It is also speculated that the improvement of crop stress resistance by seaweed fertilizer may be related to cytokinin. Cytokinins resist adversity by directly scavenging, preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting xanthine oxidation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content is one of the indicators of many abiotic stresses (such as salt damage, ultraviolet rays, extreme temperatures, etc.). ) affecting crops. For example, treatment with the extract of creeping bentgrass can increase the drought resistance of creeping bentgrass and induce the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in crops.
Other studies show that the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase in crops increase after using seaweed extract. If the mixed product of seaweed extract and humic acid is used to treat crops, the root system of crops will increase by 265,438+0% ~ 68%, the content of vitamin E in leaves will increase by 65,438+065,438+00%, and the endogenous zeatin nucleoside will increase by 38%.
Seaweed extract can improve the ability of crops to resist biological adversity (pests and diseases, etc.). ). Seaweed extract has an effect on nematodes in soil, and the infection rate of nematodes in crops is reduced after being treated with seaweed extract. Algae extracts are also used as elicitors to stimulate the anti-fungal and bacterial infection systems of crops. For example, spraying algae extract on leaves to reduce the infection of Phytophthora capsici; The use of seaweed extract on cabbage also inhibited the growth of Pythium terminale. Spraying seaweed fertilizer on the leaves of apple trees reduced the number of red spiders. Seaweed extract can improve the ability of crops to resist biological adversity, but the specific mechanism has not yet been determined.
Development prospect of seaweed fertilizer
The research of seaweed fertilizer in China has been restricted by the low economic value of domestic agricultural products, which leads to the low-end products of domestic seaweed fertilizer in agricultural resources industry, and the high-end products are occupied by foreign seaweed fertilizer.
For decades, alginic acid has been the main component of seaweed fertilizer in China, and no new products have appeared. The research of scientific research institutions mainly focuses on the application of the yield-increasing effect of finished products, as well as the formulation of alginic acid and a large number of elements, and rarely involves the development of new seaweed fertilizers.
In recent years, with the great progress of oligosaccharide in improving crop stress resistance and the improvement of agricultural economic development level in China, the in-depth study of seaweed agriculture has become a hot spot. Agricultural research on seaweed no longer focuses solely on the application of seaweed fertilizer, but gradually refines the active nutritional components of seaweed. For example, with the support of relevant state departments, many domestic research institutions have jointly set up an algae oligosaccharide bank to refine the application of algae oligosaccharides in agriculture and create a new economic growth point for algae agriculture.
In agriculture, there are only four kinds of commercial seaweed resources. There are abundant seaweed resources in warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone in China, but only Sargassum is exploited and utilized. Therefore, screening new varieties of agricultural seaweed with China characteristics and forming a new product chain will make China seaweed fertilizer industry very competitive in the international agricultural bio-strategic industry.
At the same time, due to the lack of national unified standards for seaweed fertilizer production, the quality of seaweed fertilizer produced by different manufacturers with different seaweed raw materials and processing technologies is also very different, and there are problems such as small overall scale, low industry threshold and uneven product quality. Through the formulation and implementation of standards, standardize the market order, guide the consumption upgrade, and promote the seaweed fertilizer industry to the middle and high-end level. Zhao, Secretary-General of the Professional Committee of New Fertilizer of China Plant Nutrition Society, analyzed that the formal implementation of industry standards not only filled the blank of China's seaweed fertilizer industry standards, but also greatly promoted the healthy development of China's seaweed fertilizer industry.