Artificial intelligence (AI) is a very challenging science, and people engaged in this work must understand computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is a very broad science, which consists of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc. Generally speaking, the purpose of artificial intelligence is to make the computer, a machine, think like a human. This is not an easy task. If you want to make a machine that can think, you must know what thinking is. Furthermore, what is wisdom and what is its performance? You can say that science
Everyone has wisdom, but you You would never say that a passerby knows nothing and has no knowledge. You would also dare not say that a child has no intelligence, but you would not dare to say that a machine is intelligent. So how can wisdom be distinguished? What we say, what we do, and our thoughts flow out of the brain like spring water. It is so natural, but can a machine do it? So what kind of machine is intelligent? Scientists have made cars, trains, airplanes, radios, etc., which imitate the functions of our body organs, but can they imitate the functions of the human brain? So far, we only know that the thing contained in our Tianling Cap is an organ composed of billions of nerve cells. We know very little about this thing, and imitating it may be the most difficult thing in the world.
When defining intelligence, British scientist Turing made a contribution. If a machine can pass an experiment called a Turing experiment, then it is intelligent. The essence of the Turing experiment is to make people When it is impossible to distinguish between machine behavior and human behavior without looking at the appearance, the machine is intelligent. Don’t think that Turing will be remembered in history for just making this contribution. If you are a computer student, you will know that for computer people, winning the Turing Award is equivalent to a physicist winning the Nobel Prize. Turing In theory, he laid the foundation for the creation of computers. Without his outstanding contributions, there would be no such thing in the world, let alone a network.
Scientists have been hoping to create machines that may simulate human thinking long before computers appeared. In this regard, I would like to mention another outstanding mathematician, the philosopher Boole, who studied human thinking through With mathematical precision, he and other outstanding scientists laid the thinking structure and methods of intelligent machines. The logical basis used in our computers today was created by him.
I think anyone who has studied computers will be familiar with Boolean. The Boolean algebra we learn was created by it. When computers appeared, humans began to have a tool that could simulate human thinking. In the years to come, countless scientists worked hard for this goal. Now artificial intelligence is no longer the patent of a few scientists. Almost all people around the world There are people studying this subject in the computer departments of all universities. College students who study computers must also learn such a course. With everyone’s unremitting efforts, computers now seem to have become very smart. In the just-concluded chess competition, Everyone knows that computers have defeated people. You may not notice that in some places computers help people perform other tasks that were originally only for humans. Computers play their role for humans with their high speed and accuracy. . Artificial intelligence has always been a cutting-edge subject in computer science. Computer programming languages ??and other computer software exist because of the progress of artificial intelligence.
Now humans have improved the computing power of computers to an unprecedented level, and artificial intelligence is also leading the trend of computer development in the next century. The development of artificial intelligence is not very obvious now because it is subject to theoretical limitations, but It will have as profound an impact on our lives as today's network.
Research on artificial intelligence began very early around the world, but the true realization of artificial intelligence must start from the birth of computers. Only then will it be possible for humans to realize human intelligence with machines. . The English word AI was first proposed at a conference in 1956. After that, it developed due to some scientific efforts.
The progress of artificial intelligence is not as rapid as we expect, because the basic theory of artificial intelligence is not yet complete. We cannot yet essentially explain why our brains can think, what this thinking comes from, and why this kind of thinking occurs. Wait for a series of questions. But after decades of development, artificial intelligence is affecting people's lives with its huge power.
Let us review the development of computers along with the development of artificial intelligence. In 1941, the first computer jointly developed by the United States and Germany was born. From then on, humans store and process The approach to information began to undergo revolutionary changes. The shape of the first computer was not very good. It was relatively fat and delicate. It had to work in an air-conditioned room. If you wanted it to handle something, you had to reconnect the lines. This was not a labor-saving task. I think today's programmers are already living in paradise.
Finally, a computer that could store programs was invented in 1949. In this way, programming programs could finally be done without welding, which was much better. Because programming has become very simple, the development of computer theory finally led to the emergence of artificial intelligence theory. People can finally find a way to store information and process it automatically.
Although it seems that this new machine can now achieve some human intelligence, it was not until the 1950s that people connected human intelligence with this new machine. We noticed the old man with a big belly next to him. His research on feedback theory finally led him to come up with a conclusion that all the results of human intelligence are the result of feedback. The action produced by feeding the results back to the body creates intelligence. The flush toilet in our home is a very good example. The reason why the water does not flow continuously is because there is a device that detects changes in the water level. If there is too much water, the water pipe is turned off, which realizes feedback. , is a kind of negative feedback. If even the devices in our toilets can achieve feedback, then we should be able to use a machine to achieve feedback, thereby reproducing human intelligence in the form of a machine. This idea had a significant impact on the early days of artificial intelligence.
In 1955, Shannon co-developed The Logic Theorist program, which is a program that uses a tree structure. When the program is running, it searches in the tree to find the most likely answer. Explore the branches of the close tree to get the correct answer. This program can be said to have an important position in the history of artificial intelligence. It has had such a huge impact on academics and society that many of the methods and ideas we use now still come from this program in the 1950s. .
In 1956, McCaughey (the one in the picture on the right), another famous scientist in the field of artificial intelligence, convened a meeting to discuss the future development direction of artificial intelligence. Since then, the name of artificial intelligence has been officially established. This conference was not a huge success in the history of artificial intelligence, but this conference gave the founders of artificial intelligence an opportunity to communicate with each other and paved the way for the future development of artificial intelligence. role. After that, the focus of worker intelligence began to become the establishment of practical systems that can solve problems on their own, and the system was required to have self-learning capabilities. In 1957, Shannon and others developed a program called the General Problem Solver (GPS), which extended Wiener's feedback theory and could solve some more general problems. While other scientists were working hard to develop systems, the scientist on the right made a major contribution. He created the table processing language LISP. This language is still used by many artificial intelligence programs today, and it has almost become a standard for artificial intelligence. Synonymous with it, LISP is still evolving today.
In 1963, MIT received support from the U.S. government and the Department of Defense to conduct artificial intelligence research. The U.S. government was not for anything else, but to maintain a balance with the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Although This purpose is a little bit gunpowder, but its result has led to tremendous development of artificial intelligence.
Many programs developed subsequently are very eye-catching, and MIT developed SHRDLU. In this period of great development in the 1960s, the STUDENT system could solve algebraic problems, while the SIR system began to understand simple English sentences. The emergence of SIR led to the emergence of a new discipline: natural language processing. The expert system that appeared in the 1970s became a huge progress. For the first time, it was known that computers could replace human experts in doing some work. Due to the improvement in computer hardware performance, artificial intelligence was able to perform a series of important activities, such as statistical analysis. Data, participation in medical diagnosis, etc., it has begun to change human life as an important aspect of life. In terms of theory, the 1970s was also a period of great development. Computers began to have simple thinking and vision. It must be mentioned that in the 1970s, another artificial intelligence language, Prolog, was born. Together with LISP, it almost became An indispensable tool for artificial intelligence workers. Don’t think that artificial intelligence is far away from us. It has already entered our lives, including fuzzy control, decision support, etc. There are shadows of artificial intelligence. Let computers, machines, replace humans in simple intellectual activities and free humans for other more beneficial tasks. This is the purpose of artificial intelligence, but I think the endless pursuit of scientific truth is the ultimate driving force.