John browning suggested the pumping principle when designing multi-barrel shotguns for Dan Winchester Company. Although the first model 1887 adopted the principle of leverage, Winchester later agreed to Browning's new pump-driven shotgun, so Browning and his half-brother Matthew designed a new shotgun and applied for a patent in the name of Browning brothers. 1893 has only 12 caliber, and the bore length is 2-5/8 inches. The barrel length of civilian type is 30 inches (762 mm) and 32 inches (8 13 mm), and the barrel length of 20 inches (508 mm) is provided according to the orders of the military or law enforcement departments. Originally, as the first pump-driven shotgun successfully mass-produced in the world, it should have a good market prospect. However, after the smokeless propellant appeared and spread rapidly in the mid-1990s, the model 1893, which was still burning black powder, immediately fell behind. Because the chamber pressure of smokeless propellant is higher than that of black powder, the original design needs to be strengthened and some defects of the original design need to be improved, so Browning Brothers Company improved the temperature for Winchester Company to ignite smokeless propellant. Winchester model 1893 went on the market in May of 1893 and stopped production until July of 1897. A total of 34 176 pieces were produced, which are now favored by collectors.
Winchester 1897 is a pump-driven shotgun with an external hammer and five tubular magazines. It has two calibers, 12 and 16, and has a variety of barrels with different lengths. Winchester Company reduced the year in the product model name by the first two digits in 19 17, so the gun produced from 19 17 was renamed as Winchester 97.
Winchester 1897 or 97 is a kind of repeating gun, which can be unloaded and loaded by manually sliding the loading handle. The wooden front bracket that can slide back and forth will drive the bolt and support the elastic plate (ammunition feeder) through the connecting rod. In Winchester model 1897, the spring plate is an important component with multiple functions, which is not only used for lifting ammunition, but also used for locking. When the gun is in the state of waiting to be fired, the front part of the supporting elastic sheet abuts against the rear part of the boss at the bottom of the bolt, which prevents the bolt from moving backwards under the action of chamber pressure during firing, and also prevents the remaining bullets in the magazine from exiting. When the pump handle is started to be pulled backwards, the supporting elastic sheet will tilt downwards to unlock the bolt. When the bolt is unlocked, the pump handle will continue to pull backward to drive the bolt to move backward, and the bullet pulling hook on the bolt will simultaneously vacuum the shell in the gun bore and throw it out under the action of the shell-throwing tappet installed on the left side in the bolt shell. At the same time, because the supporting elastic sheet inclines downward to the ammunition conveying position, it no longer resists the last ammunition left in the magazine, so the last ammunition in the magazine is pushed onto the supporting elastic sheet under the action of the spring. Then, when the shooter pushes the pump handle forward, he first drives the supporting shrapnel to tilt upward to lift the ammunition on the supporting shrapnel to the ammunition supply position, and then the handle continues to push forward to drive the bolt machine to move forward and push a new bullet into the bullet body. When the pump handle is completely pushed to the front position, the supporting elastic piece extends into the rear part of the lower boss of the bolt again, and at this time, the bolt is locked and the bolt is in a hit state.
Winchester 97 shotgun adopts rotary hammer firing system, and the hammer body is exposed at the back of the shell, without manual safety device. In addition, the gun has no disconnector, so if the shooter wants to shoot quickly, he can hold the trigger and push and pull the pump pistol repeatedly and quickly with his other hand. As long as you push your hand to the front, the hammer will automatically release and start again.
At that time, Browning designed several kinds of repeating guns for Winchester, all of which had detachable functions, that is, users could easily divide the guns into two complete parts: barrel/magazine and holster/butt, so as to facilitate storage and carrying (carrying in non-combat state). This splitting function is also inherited on Winchester 1897. Before the invention of thread throat shrinkage in 1950s, users needed to buy or replace barrels with different throat shrinkage specifications according to their own purposes.
Winchester 1897, as the first successfully produced smokeless propellant pump-driven shotgun, did not stop production until 1957, and * * * produced 1.0247 million pieces. Different barrel lengths and accessories make Winchester 1897 have different names, the most famous of which is the trench gun equipped by the US military.
The reason why the US military adopted Winchester 1897, just like the development of M191KLOC-0/pistol, was that the weapons at hand of American soldiers could not effectively prevent the enemy from charging forward in the US-Philippines war. At that time, the US Army Command urgently purchased Winchester 1897 and gave it to the US troops stationed in the Philippines for use, which performed well in actual combat. This shotgun was also used in Pershing's campaign against Mexico in 19 16. After joining the First World War, based on the experience accumulated in trench warfare, the US military thought that it would be more effective to shorten the barrel of the pump-driven shotgun (because there was no submachine gun at that time), so the US Army Command ordered the development of a shotgun for trench warfare.
Winchester Company reformed the 1897 shotgun. First, shorten the barrel to 20 inches (508 mm), and then put a metal sleeve with many holes on it. There is a W-shaped bayonet seat at the front end of the sleeve, which is used to install the bayonet, so that the shotgun can also be attacked and fight hand-to-hand with the bayonet. There is a small circular sight at the top of the sleeve near the muzzle, but in order to reduce the weight, there are many small holes in the metal sleeve. Although the metal sleeve is used to install the bayonet seat, it looks like a barrel-shaped heat insulation board, which can actually play the role of heat insulation board. So now we can see that some modern shotguns use barrel heat shields without bayonet seats.
Considering the short gun length after the reform, it is easy to suffer losses in hand-to-hand combat, so this type of shotgun chooses the long bayonet of M 19 17 rifle. 19 17, the us army equipped this improved winchester 1897 shotgun and some other shotguns for trench warfare, so these shotguns are collectively called trench guns. Winchester Company is also busy with other infantry weapons shotguns due to the large demand for trench guns at the front. In some materials, the trench gun equipped by the US Army is called M 19 17, but in fact, the US military has not officially named this weapon. This name may be because this model is equipped with M 19 17 bayonet, but it is called M 19 17 by some netizens to show its difference from other 17. However, Winchester changed 1897 from 19 17 to 97, so the official name of this US military standard equipment may be Winchester 97 trench gun.
Winchester Company sold 65,438+09,65,438+096 Winchester 97 trench guns to the US government during the First World War. However, due to the great demand for trench warfare weapons at the front, it is not enough to supply them only by Winchester Company. As a result, the US military handed over all the winchester 1897 shotguns stored in military warehouses to government military factories for standard restructuring. During World War I, the US government's arsenal was transformed into 5000 ~ 6000 winchester 97 trench guns.
After World War I, most of Type 97 trench guns were kept in US military warehouses, and few of them were used for US military base guards and special operations. Later, in World War II, the US Army and Marine Corps re-used Type 97 trench guns, but the number was not large. Because at this time, more trench guns equipped by the US military are Winchester 12 improved trench guns with hammer structure inside. Shotguns are used more in the Pacific battlefield than in Europe.