The broad base of free labor:
The development of British industry benefits from the wool textile industry. Wool textile industry is a "national industry" in Britain. At first, the British wool textile industry, as an urban industry, began to transfer to the countryside in the15th century, which became the basis of rural industrial development. With the prosperity of wool textile industry, the demand of producers for wool suddenly increased, which forced the price of wool to rise wildly. In order to seek this attractive benefit, feudal nobles and farmers began to enclosure the public land and farmers' land, and set off the enclosure movement of "sheep eating people". As a result, the ubiquitous self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy was severely impacted and went bankrupt, and a large number of surplus labor forces appeared in the vast rural areas. Forced by their livelihood, these free laborers turned from agricultural production to industrial production, which laid a broad labor base for the rise of the British industrial revolution.
(b) A solid monetary basis for wealth:
In Britain in the16th century, capitalist factors were accumulating. The obvious feature of this process is that Britain abandoned the policy of dominating the European continent, shifted its development focus to overseas markets, and constantly expanded its overseas colonies. In addition, the exchange of goods with other parts of the world has been strengthened, and overseas trade has entered a period of rapid development. Fundamentally speaking, this is the requirement of the rapid development of domestic commodity economy, the germination of capitalism and the emerging farmers, handicraft workshop owners and businessmen in primitive accumulation of capital period. After entering the17th century, Britain's overseas trade expanded further. Britain established colonies in Asia, Africa, Latin America and other places, and its business dealings spread all over the world, forming an empire that never sets. The prosperity of overseas trade has created a lot of profit space for Britain. Overseas gold and silver are continuously exported to Britain, and Britain's advantages in wealth and commercial capital are rapidly enhanced and transformed into industrial capital advantages, which provides a strong capital impetus for the development of British industrial revolution.
(3) commercialization policy guarantee:
In Britain on the eve of the industrial revolution, mercantilist ideas and policy propositions guided Britain's economic policy at that time. During this period, Britain adopted a foreign trade protection policy to prevent foreign goods from entering Britain with high tariffs to protect the economic interests of capitalists, and at the same time implemented a subsidy policy for domestic trade exporters to expand overseas commodity markets. The mercantilist policy adapted to the needs of the primitive accumulation of capital period, and this way of state intervention in the economy played an important role in the accumulation of British monetary wealth. After the industrial revolution, Britain's labor productivity has greatly improved, and its social productivity has surpassed that of any country in the world. The production cost of products is reduced, and the competitiveness of products is more advantageous. British capitalists are eager to sell more products through free competition. Under this historical background, great changes have taken place in British market economy theory, and the theory of free competition represented by Adam Smith and david ricardo has replaced mercantilism. Freedom is an economic policy, which greatly promoted Britain's economic development after the industrial revolution and consolidated Britain's position as the first capitalist power.
(4) Conditions for the popularization of science and technology:
/kloc-since the middle of the 0/7th century, the power of science and technology has been paid more and more attention by the British upper class. The geographical discovery initiated by Europe brought great wealth and benefits to the royal family and nobles at that time, so the upper class longed for the further development of science and technology. They recruit talents from all walks of life in science, take patent protection measures for scientists' inventions, improve the treatment and status of scientists, and encourage a large number of scientific inventions and technological creations. At the same time, British religions are also keen to explore science and actively promote the improvement of scientific status. Many scientists are Protestants themselves, and they expect to find God from natural truth. During this period, modern science and technology have obviously extended to various industries and fields. At that time, the Royal Society, a landmark in the history of British science, was established to provide a platform for exchanges among disciplines. On the eve of the industrial revolution, Britain has risen to the center of world scientific activities, which makes it possible for industrial production to flourish later.
The great success of British industrial revolution benefited from many comprehensive factors such as society, economy, politics, science and technology. At the same time, the achievements of the industrial revolution in turn promoted the development of the above factors. The emergence of the first industrial revolution is the need of the development of the times, and Britain just grasped this historical opportunity and took the lead in rising as a modern global power, which lasted for hundreds of years or even longer. According to the current development form, the successful rise of Britain still has important enlightenment for China. In the process of China's peaceful rise, we need to learn from the successful cases of Britain and many other great powers, and push forward the road of national rejuvenation more steadily and profoundly. The following briefly analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of China's internal resources and capabilities, and looks forward to the future development of China from a macro perspective.
Second, the enlightenment to China's modernization road
Combined with the modernization of western capitalist countries and the rise of the nation, most of them expand outward, promote the development of national industries with overseas markets, and then expand domestic demand when the country is rich. The rise of a big country is often accompanied by the decline of another big country. For example, the rise of Britain and the realization of the first modernization, accompanied by the collapse of the Spanish Empire and the plunder of the whole world, made people all over the world live in dire straits. After Germany's success in modernization, it plundered its own people and the whole world involuntarily. It brought disaster to the whole world during World War I. Coincidentally, Germany's failure brought the success of the United States and the demise of the empire.
It can be seen that none of these can be teachers of China's modernization and national rise. According to China's national conditions and the objectives and tasks of modernization, we believe that China's modernization should take the road of industrialization promoting modernization, modernization driving industrialization and the integration of modernization and industrialization with China characteristics. Here, "China characteristics" mainly has two meanings: the first meaning is that we must always adhere to the four basic principles of the party in the process of modernization to ensure the socialist nature and direction of modernization; The second meaning is that the road to modernization should conform to China's own specific reality and handle the relationship between modernization and population and employment; Handle the relationship between modernization, resources and environment, and move towards the modernization road of sustainable development; Handle the relationship between modernization, industrialization and urbanization, and take the road of modernization with reasonable and advanced economic structure; Handle the relationship between modernization and deepening reform and opening up; Wait a minute.