According to the statistics of 1980, Japan exported about 6 million cars to all parts of the world last year, with an average of 16000 cars shipped out every day. Although "automatic restrictions" have been imposed on exports to the United States this year, the total export volume has increased. So, how are these cars shipped around the world? It is reported that almost all these cars are transported by special car. At present, there are about 300 such special ships in the world, of which more than 90% are involved in the transportation of Japanese cars. There are two kinds of special purpose vehicles: PCC and CB. The former is a high-speed special ship designed to carry cars economically and effectively; The latter can carry both cars and food, feed and other materials, and is designed according to the needs of Japan's foreign trade structure. Japan imports a large number of engines from abroad (mainly the United States) every year.
1864, when Malcus, a German living in Austria, was developing decorative lights, he happened to find that gasoline, one of the products of petroleum refining, was very explosive after vaporization, so he began to manufacture experimental gasoline engines.
1875, George Brayton of Boston developed a precompression engine, which used light oil as fuel and was considered as the first practical and safe liquid fuel engine.
188 1 year, an Englishman Clark innovatively developed a modern two-stroke engine, which was widely used at that time because of its simple structure and high output power.
Karl benz, the "father of automobiles", decided to build an engine in 1877. 1879, 12, 3 1, karl benz finally built a two-stroke experimental engine. But at that time, few people knew about engines. Without sales, there is no capital. 1882, with the support of several businessmen and bankers, karl benz established Mannheim Gas Engine Co., Ltd. to improve various types of engines, especially gas engines. However, due to the lack of technical personnel in the company, Ben Ci found it difficult to carry out the work, and suddenly proposed to leave the company a month later. As his sudden withdrawal caused losses to the company, the company decided to use all the machinery and equipment in Ben Ci as collateral to compensate for the company's losses. As a result, Ben Ci became empty-handed and had nothing. Later, although Ben Ci improved the engine several times, his engine was never patented, because Ben Ci's engine could not be used in practice, and the Royal German Patent Office refused to issue him a patent certificate.
Daimler, another "father of cars", also intensively developed engines during the same period. 1883 On August 5th, German engineers Daimler and Maibakh made the prototype of today's automobile engine-high pressure ignition horizontal gasoline engine according to the model of Otto engine, and on February 6th of the same year, they obtained the patent of the German Empire-gasoline engine. 1884 In May, Daimler transformed the horizontal gasoline engine into a vertical gasoline engine with the smallest volume possible, and obtained the patent for the vertical gasoline engine on April 3, 1985. The vertical gasoline engine is named "vertical clock", and its cylinder is air-cooled and stands on the crankcase. The intake valve can be opened and closed automatically, and the exhaust valve is controlled by the curve groove control device invented by Daimler.
Daimler's vertical gasoline engine has light weight, high speed and compression ratio of 3, and carburetor was first used in it.
The engine is the heart of a car. The development of automobile is directly related to the progress of engine. The initial work and labor of human beings were completely done by themselves. There are no cars or engines. If there were, people were used before horses and cattle were used. Perhaps the earliest slave was a kind of "biological engine". With the progress and development of mankind, people's understanding of nature is getting deeper and deeper, and their ability to use and transform nature is strengthening day by day. People not only use human and animal power, but also know how to use water power and wind power.
1705, newcomen invented a practical steam engine for the first time, which did not rely on people and animals to do work, but on machinery. This kind of steam engine was used to drive machinery, resulting in the epoch-making first industrial revolution. With the birth of steam-driven machinery, namely automobile, human society began the endless development of automobile, and the development of automobile power engine also began.
The invention of modern engine is based on the use of steam engine, imitating the structure of steam engine and starting with burning ignition gas in cylinder. First, a gas engine was successfully manufactured, which was improved into a gasoline engine and then developed into a diesel engine.
2.2. 1 Invention of gas engine
It was the Dutch physicist Huygens who first put forward the idea of internal combustion engine. 1673- 1680, he first put forward the scheme of vacuum piston-type gunpowder internal combustion engine, that is, using the vacuum formed by the high-temperature gas burned by gunpowder after cooling in the cylinder to make the atmospheric pressure push the piston to do work, but many tests failed. 1794, British inventor B. Streeter proposed an internal combustion engine burning turpentine, and put forward the principle of mixing fuel with air for the first time. 1799, French engineer Peng Lan proposed a spark ignition internal combustion engine with gas as fuel. 1820, W. Cecher of Britain developed an internal combustion engine using gas as fuel, and it was successfully run in the laboratory for the first time, with 60 revolutions per minute. 1833, Englishman W. L. Wright obtained the patent of deflagration engine, thus ending the history of vacuum machine.
1858, Renault, who lived in Paris, France, invented the gas engine and applied for a patent in 1860. The engine uses the mixture of gas and air to replace the steam of the reciprocating steam engine, uses batteries and induction coils to generate electric sparks, and uses the electric sparks to ignite the mixture and explode. This engine has a cylinder, a piston, a connecting rod and a flywheel. Gas engine is the primary product of internal combustion engine, because the compression ratio of gas engine is zero.
1862, French engineer Rosa put forward the key measure to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engine after theoretical analysis of the previous thermal process, that is, compressing combustible gas in advance. Four-stroke cycle is proposed: piston moves down, air intake; The piston moves upward to compress the gas; Ignition, the gas burns and expands rapidly, and the piston moves down to do work; The piston moves upward to discharge the exhaust gas. Rosa's article was published in a local French journal and obtained a patent. But he didn't actually make a usable internal combustion engine.
1867, the German Nicolaus August Otto designed and manufactured the first horizontal four-stroke four-horsepower internal combustion engine with gas as fuel and spark ignition, and became the official inventor of the internal combustion engine. The machine has compact structure, fast rotating speed, stable operation and high thermal efficiency of 12% ~ 14%. It was quickly put into production and widely used. 1880, the single machine capacity reached 15~20 HP, and 1893 reached 200 HP. The thermal efficiency also improved rapidly, and 1894 reached more than 20%.
Development of gasoline engine
1864, when Malcus, a German living in Austria, was developing decorative lights, he happened to find that gasoline, one of the products of petroleum refining, was very explosive after vaporization, so he began to manufacture experimental gasoline engines.
1875, George Brayton of Boston developed a precompression engine, which used light oil as fuel and was considered as the first practical and safe liquid fuel engine.
188 1 year, an Englishman Clark innovatively developed a modern two-stroke engine, which was widely used at that time because of its simple structure and high output power.
Karl benz, the "father of automobiles", decided to build an engine in 1877. 1879, 12, 3 1, karl benz finally built a two-stroke experimental engine. But at that time, few people knew about engines. Without sales, there is no capital. 1882, with the support of several businessmen and bankers, karl benz established Mannheim Gas Engine Co., Ltd. to improve various types of engines, especially gas engines. However, due to the lack of technical personnel in the company, Ben Ci found it difficult to carry out the work, and suddenly proposed to leave the company a month later. As his sudden withdrawal caused losses to the company, the company decided to use all the machinery and equipment in Ben Ci as collateral to compensate for the company's losses. As a result, Ben Ci became empty-handed and had nothing. Later, although Ben Ci improved the engine several times, his engine was never patented, because Ben Ci's engine could not be used in practice, and the Royal German Patent Office refused to issue him a patent certificate.
Daimler, another "father of cars", also intensively developed engines during the same period. 1883 On August 5th, German engineers Daimler and Maibakh made the prototype of today's automobile engine-high pressure ignition horizontal gasoline engine according to the model of Otto engine, and on February 6th of the same year, they obtained the patent of the German Empire-gasoline engine. 1In May of 884, Daimler transformed a horizontal gasoline engine into a vertical gasoline engine with the smallest volume, and obtained a patent for the vertical gasoline engine on April 3, 1985. The vertical gasoline engine is named "vertical clock", and its cylinder is air-cooled and stands on the crankcase. The intake valve can be opened and closed automatically, and the exhaust valve is controlled by the curve groove control device invented by Daimler (as shown in Figure 2- 10).
Daimler's vertical gasoline engine has light weight, high speed and compression ratio of 3, and carburetor was first used in it.
Development of Diesel Engine
1892, Dissel, a German mechanical engineer, obtained a patent for the use of compression ignition in internal combustion engines. He hopes to improve the thermal efficiency by increasing the compression ratio, and use the high temperature generated by compressed gas to ignite, which not only saves the ignition device and carburetor, but also can use diesel which is cheaper than gasoline. After five years of hard experiments, the diesel engine finally made the first high-compression self-ignition internal combustion engine with practical value in 1897, that is, compression-ignition diesel engine. It prolongs the compression process before the combustion process, which is the second breakthrough of internal combustion engine technology and an outstanding invention that shocked the world.
Diesel engines can convert 35% of the fuel potential into power, while the most efficient gasoline engine at that time can only convert 28% of the fuel potential into power. Diesel engine is short of weight and noisy, and burning heavy oil emits a lot of exhaust gas, which is very annoying.
From 65438 to 0898, diesel engines were put into commercial production. Dissel's invention made him a millionaire. Unfortunately, because this new machine failed the test technically, the new product didn't work well, and the customers all returned. As a result, he was heavily in debt and his reputation plummeted. Diesel 19 13 was in desperate economic situation and committed suicide by jumping into the sea from a ship sailing in the English Channel. In memory of this inventor, later generations called the diesel engine "diesel engine".
Dissel saw only the beginning of his engine's great success in his life. Now, his engine is used to drive trucks, buses, taxis, ships, power stations and railway locomotives.
Diesel engines developed slowly before 19 14. During World War I, 19 19 18, diesel engines began to be mass-produced because of the needs of the war. But the wide application of diesel engine is around 1950. Prior to this, the imperfection of fuel injection pump seriously restricted and affected the use of diesel engines.
1898 diesel engine was first used for fixed power. 1902 began to be used for power supply of merchant ships, and 1904 was installed on naval vessels. 19 12 the first diesel locomotive was successfully developed. 1920 or so is used for automobiles and agricultural machinery.
Early diesel engines were all four-stroke. 1899, Hugo gouldner, a German engineer, successfully manufactured a two-stroke engine, which can increase the power of a four-stroke diesel engine in the same cylinder by 60% ~ 80%. However, gouldner applied for the patent of his two-stroke diesel engine in the name of Eckhardt and asked augsburg Machinery Factory to produce this kind of diesel engine. By 1936, all the low-power diesel engines used by General Motors of the United States adopt two-stroke type. Two-stroke diesel engine is simple in structure and cheap in price. However, its fuel and lubricating oil consumption is high, cooling is difficult and durability is poor.
Development of rotary engine
1957, the German Fries Wankel (1902- 1988) invented the rotary piston engine, which is an important branch of the development of gasoline engines.
Wankel 1902 was born in Germany, and 192 1 to 1926 was employed in the sales department of a science and technology publishing house in Heidelberg. 1924, Wankel set up his own company in Heidelberg, where he spent a lot of time developing rotary engines. 1927 finally solved a series of technical problems such as air tightness and lubrication. 1957, the first small sports car with a rotary engine was produced in Germany. 1958, Wankel changed the outer rotor into a fixed rotor with planetary motion, and made a new rotary piston engine with power of 22.79 kW and speed of 5500 rpm. This machine has important development value, so it has attracted the attention of all countries. Japan Toyo Company (Mazda Company) purchased the prototype of the rotary engine and installed it on the car. It can be said that the rotary engine was born in Germany and grew up in Japan.
At that time, people in the industry thought that this kind of engine was compact and light in structure and operated quietly and smoothly, which might replace the traditional piston engine.
1964, COMOBIL, a German-French joint venture in Geneva, put the rotary engine on the car for the first time and became a formal product. 1967, the Japanese also installed rotary engines on Mazda cars and began mass production.
Mazda, which has always had a soft spot for new technology, bought this technology from Wankel with huge investment. Because this is a high-tech technology, few people know this technology, and no one can repair the engine when it breaks down, and it consumes a lot of oil. Some people in the automobile industry are skeptical about the market prospect of this engine. When the oil crisis broke out in 1970s, countries were too busy to develop rotary engines. Only Mazda still believes in the potential of rotary engines, and independently researches and produces rotary engines, and has paid a considerable price for this. They gradually overcame the defects of rotary engine, successfully transferred from experimental production to commercial production, and entered the American market with RX-7 sports car equipped with rotary engine, which made them sit up and take notice.
The general engine is a reciprocating engine. When working, the piston does reciprocating linear motion in the cylinder. In order to convert the linear motion of piston into rotary motion, crank-connecting rod mechanism must be used. Rotating engines are different. It is a mechanism that combines the epicycloid of the inner rotor and the epicycloid of the outer rotor. Without crankshaft connecting rod and valve train, the motion of triangle piston can be directly converted into rotary motion. Compared with reciprocating piston gasoline, it has 40% fewer parts, light weight, small volume, high speed and high power. It directly converts the combustion expansion force of combustible gas into driving torque. Compared with the reciprocating engine, the rotary engine eliminates useless linear motion, so the rotary engine with the same power is smaller, lighter, and has lower vibration and noise, which has great advantages.
Other engine development
1. Development of gasoline engine fuel system
The main function of the fuel system of gasoline engine is to mix gasoline and air evenly to form combustible mixture, which is supplied to the engine for combustion and work. The most important mixing device is carburetor or fuel injection device. Previously, most gasoline engines used carburetors to atomize fuel and mix it with air. However, the traditional carburetor can't accurately obtain the air-fuel ratio of engine combustible mixture under different working conditions, and modern automobiles have been largely replaced by electronic fuel injection system (EFI).
The so-called electronic fuel injection system is to accurately control the fuel injection quantity of the engine per cycle through the computer. Compared with the traditional carburetor, EFI system has obvious advantages in fuel saving, especially in reducing emission pollution, because it has more accurate metering, finer fuel atomization and more flexible engine control.
The earliest fuel injection system was adopted by Bosch Company on Mercedes-Benz 300L racing car in 1952. This is a mechanically controlled injection device used on German aircraft in World War II. 1957, Bendiks company installed the electronic nozzle on Chrysler luxury car for the first time, which was the earliest electronically controlled gasoline injection system.
Bosch has made great contributions to the development of electronically controlled fuel injection system. 1967, Bosch Company manufactured the K-type mechanical fuel injection system, and the low-pressure fuel was provided by the electric gasoline pump and delivered to the mechanical fuel nozzles on the intake pipes of each cylinder through the oil distributor. In the same year, Bosch Company manufactured the D-type analog electronic fuel injection system, which was installed on Volkswagen 1600 car, meeting the requirements of American automobile emission regulations for the first time and entering the American market. Its fuel injection quantity is determined by engine speed and vacuum degree of intake manifold, which opens a new era of electronic control of gasoline injection system. 1973, bosch company developed the l-type electronic fuel injection system. The fuel quantity is mainly determined by the engine speed and the actual air intake. 1976. Bosch Company developed a closed fuel injection system with oxygen sensor. The oxygen sensor installed on the exhaust pipe is used to judge whether the fuel injection quantity is accurate, so that the air-fuel ratio of combustible mixture is as close as possible to the ideal value and low emission performance is realized. 1979, Bosch's M-type numerical control fuel injection system came out. In this system, the electronic control system completes the calculation of injection pulse and ignition timing at the same time, which integrates electronic ignition and electronic gasoline injection. Modern electronic fuel control system adopts centralized control system, that is, electricity not only controls fuel injection and ignition timing, but also controls idling control, deflagration control and exhaust gas recirculation control.
2. Invention of ignition device
Ignition system is a unique system in gasoline engine, and its main function is to ignite the combustible mixture in the cylinder. The ignition mode has developed from the earliest heat pipe ignition, magneto ignition and battery point to the present electronic ignition.
The earliest patent for heat pipe ignition was obtained by Englishman Newton. A heat pipe is a closed metal pipe extending from a cylinder and heated to a red-hot state. Because the heat pipe keeps high heat, when the mixture in the cylinder is compressed, the pressure rises and it will spontaneously ignite.
The first suggestion of spark ignition was put forward by French chemist Leben in 1799, but it was not realized and did not attract people's attention. 1844, British Reynolds realized spark ignition. It uses dry battery as power supply, and an incandescent platinum wire is installed in the ignition chamber. Use the valve to open and close the air inlet of the ignition chamber regularly, and the combustible mixture contacts the heating wire and is ignited. 1859, Lenova, France, invented the world's first feldspar porcelain rim electric ignition spark plug, which made the high-voltage spark ignition generated by battery and induction coil be applied to internal combustion engines.
1883, German Cibran Malcus used a low-voltage magneto instead of a storage battery as the ignition power supply, and cut off the power supply at the contact point in the combustion chamber by mechanical means to generate an electric spark to ignite the mixture. Because the electric spark is generated by this permanent magnet micro-generator, it is called magneto ignition.
1908 The battery ignition system successfully tested in Stirling, USA, adopts contact control device.
However, with the increase of engine speed, the traditional mechanical ignition device is more and more unsuitable for the high-speed operation of the engine, which is easy to cause fire and other problems, so the contactless electronic ignition device has been developed by leaps and bounds. 1949, American Holly Carburetor Company first obtained the patent of electronic ignition system using transistor in ignition system, which reduced the contact wear, oxidation and mechanical damage of circuit breaker. 197 1 year, Chrysler began to formally adopt all-transistor ignition devices in automobiles. After 1973, all gasoline vehicles produced by Chrysler, Ford, GM and other companies adopt contactless all-transistor ignition devices as standard devices. At present, the ignition of automobile engine has developed to microcomputer control ignition, that is, ignition time and ignition energy are directly controlled by microcomputer.
3. Lubrication system
Early automobile engine lubrication mostly used "total loss" lubrication system. The engine oil is sent to the working part of the engine for lubrication, and the used engine oil flows to the ground in vain and is wasted. The pressure splash lubrication system, which is widely used in modern automobiles, greatly improves the engine life after pressure lubrication.
4. Cooling system
The cooling system of the early internal combustion engine was a simple water jacket around the cylinder, and a certain amount of water was injected into the water jacket. After the engine starts working, the water volume decreases and dissipates with boiling, taking away the heat. Later, the cooling water was forced to circulate by the water pump, which greatly improved the working efficiency of the cooling system. It can effectively avoid the loss of cooling water caused by evaporation, and at the same time, it can also increase the boiling point of cooling water, which can also avoid the phenomenon of "boiling" when the car climbs for a long time, greatly reduce the damage to engine parts, and improve the safety and smoothness of driving.
5. Arrangement of valves
Most engines before 1930 adopt the design scheme of side valve. With the increase of engine speed, overhead valve is gradually adopted (becoming the design standard). Its advantage is that it can speed up the action of the valve and reduce the valve resistance, so as to exchange air better and make the design of the combustion chamber more compact.
6. Development and application of ball bearings
Cars make human society a world living on wheels. Every rotating part of modern cars is equipped with ball bearings to reduce friction.
In fact, ball bearings have existed for a long time. 1543, Italian sculptor and goldsmith cellini first saw that a circle of freely rotating balls could reduce the friction between two rotating bodies. He wrote in his autobiography: "I made a beautiful statue of Jupiter and put it on a wooden base." I put four small wooden balls in the base, and more than half of them are buried in the ball socket. This design is so ingenious that a child can easily move it back and forth and turn it. "
1780, the ball bearings loosely installed in the raceway for rolling contact began to be used in windmills, and the overall structure of the machine rotated around the central column. 1794 Philip Vaughan, an ironworker in Carmarthen, Wales, used ball bearings as axle bearings for freight cars and applied for a patent. From then until the 1950s and 1960s, ball bearings were widely used in children's carousels, propeller shafts, gun turrets on warships, armchairs and bicycles, and some patents were obtained. However, it was not until the vehicles with power devices appeared that the metal parts produced a lot of high heat and wear due to rapid driving that this invention began to be fully utilized.
Therefore, the engine of the car was born in Germany and grew up in Japan!