Edit this paragraph for the emergency treatment of skin contact: take off the contaminated clothes and rinse the skin thoroughly with soapy water and clean water. Eye contact: Lift the eyelid and rinse it with plenty of flowing water or normal saline for at least 15 minutes. See a doctor. Inhalation: leave the scene quickly and go to a place with fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If you have difficulty breathing, give oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. See a doctor. Intake: Drink enough warm water to induce vomiting. Gastric lavage with 1: [kg-* 2] 5000 potassium permanganate or 5% sodium thiosulfate solution. See a doctor. Respiratory system protection: When toxic substances may be exposed, you must wear a filter gas mask (full face mask), a self-contained respirator or a ventilated respirator. Wear air respirator for emergency rescue or evacuation. Eye protection: respiratory protection has been done. Physical protection: wear adhesive tape anti-virus clothing. Hand protection: Wear rubber oil-resistant gloves. Other protection: Smoking and eating are prohibited in the workplace. After work, clean it thoroughly. Store clothes contaminated by poisons separately and wash them for later use. The workshop should be equipped with first aid equipment and medicines. Operators should learn to save themselves and help each other. Emergency treatment of leakage: quickly evacuate the personnel in the leaked and polluted area to a safe area, isolate them and strictly restrict access. Cut off the fire. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and protective clothing. Don't touch the leak directly. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Prevent it from flowing into confined spaces such as sewers and flood discharge ditches. Small amount of leakage: absorbed by activated carbon or other inert substances. It can also be washed with plenty of water, diluted and put into the wastewater system. A large number of leaks: damming or digging holes to contain them. Spray-like water cools and dilutes steam, protecting field personnel and diluting the leakage into non-combustible substances. Use explosion-proof pump to transfer it to tank car or special collector, and recycle it or transport it to waste disposal site for treatment. Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanide. Fire extinguishing method: spray water to cool the container, and if possible, move the container from the fire to an open place. Extinguishing agent: soluble foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand; Fire extinguishing with water is ineffective.
There are many production methods of nitrile, among which ammoniation with acetic acid is the main industrial production method; Acetylene ammoniation method and propylene ammoxidation byproduct method. 1. Acetic acid ammoniation method uses acetic acid; Using ammonia as raw material, under the action of alumina catalyst, acetonitrile was synthesized in one step at 360-420℃, and the reaction solution was absorbed by water and rectified to obtain the finished product. Raw material consumption quota: acetic acid (98%)1763kg/t; Liquid ammonia (99.5%) 69 1 kg/ton. Acetylene ammoniation method uses acetylene; Using ammonia water as raw material and alumina as catalyst, acetonitrile was synthesized by one-step reaction at 500-600℃. Raw material consumption quota: acetylene10231m3; Liquid ammonia (99.4%)1007kg/ton. Propylene is used in the by-product method of propylene ammoxidation; Using ammonia and air as raw materials, acrylonitrile was synthesized by catalysis, and acetonitrile was by-product. Every ton of acrylonitrile can produce 25- 100kg acetonitrile by-product. 4. It is obtained by dehydration of acetamide and phosphorus pentoxide. It is obtained by the reaction of dimethyl sulfate and sodium cyanide.
The main use of acetonitrile is as a solvent. Such as solvents for extracting butadiene, solvents for synthetic fibers and solvents for some special coatings. Used in petroleum industry to remove tar from petroleum hydrocarbons; Solvent for substances such as phenol. It is used as a solvent for extracting fatty acids from animal and vegetable oils in petroleum industry and as a reaction medium for recrystallization of steroid drugs in medicine. In pharmaceutical analysis, mobile phase can be used to prepare high performance liquid chromatography. When a polar solvent with high dielectric constant is needed, a binary boiling mixture of acetonitrile and water is often used, which contains 84% acetonitrile and has a boiling point of 76℃. Acetonitrile is the intermediate of medicine (vitamin B 1) and perfume, and it is the raw material for making triazine nitrogen fertilizer synergist. It is also used as a denaturant for alcohol. In addition, it can also be used to synthesize ethylamine; Acetic acid, etc. And dyeing the fabric; It also has many uses in the lighting industry.
Packaging and storage: packed in iron drums, net weight per barrel 150kg. Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse, away from heat and fire sources, and not with oxidant. Store according to the regulations of flammable materials.
Operation and management: tightly sealed, providing sufficient local exhaust and comprehensive ventilation. The operation should be as mechanized and automated as possible. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures. It is recommended that the operator wear filter gas mask (full face mask), self-contained respirator or ventilated respirator, adhesive tape gas suit and rubber oil-resistant gloves. Stay away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation system and equipment. Keep away from flammable and combustible materials. Prevent the steam in the workplace from leaking into the air. Avoid contact with oxidants, reductants, acids and bases. When handling, handle with care to prevent the packaging and containers from being damaged. Equipped with corresponding varieties and quantities of fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment. Empty containers may leave harmful substances behind. Storage management: stored in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Stay away from fire and heat sources. The reservoir temperature should not exceed 30℃. Keep the container sealed. It shall be stored separately from oxidants, reductants, acids, alkalis, flammable (combustible) substances and edible chemicals, and shall not be mixed. Adopt explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. It is forbidden to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to generate sparks. The storage area should be equipped with emergency response equipment for leakage and suitable accommodation materials. Transportation management: transportation vehicles should be equipped with corresponding varieties and quantities of fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment. The best luck is in the morning and evening in summer. The tank (tank) truck used for transportation should have a grounding chain, and a perforated partition can be set in the tank to reduce static electricity generated by vibration. It is strictly prohibited to transport with oxidant, reducing agent, acid, alkali, flammable or combustible substances, edible chemicals, etc. Exposure, rain and high temperature should be prevented during transportation. Stay away from fire sources, heat sources and high temperature areas during stopovers. The exhaust pipe of the vehicle carrying this article must be equipped with a fire retardant device, and it is forbidden to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to generate sparks for loading and unloading. Highway transportation shall follow the prescribed route and shall not stay in residential areas and densely populated areas. When transporting by rail, it is forbidden to slip. It is forbidden to transport in bulk by wooden boats and cement boats. Waste management: incineration. The nitrogen oxides discharged from the incinerator are removed by the scrubber.
Acute toxicity: LD50: 2730mg/kg (taken orally by rats); 1250 mg/kg (rabbit percutaneous); LC50: 12663 mg/m3, 8 hours (rat inhalation) human inhalation >; 500 ppm, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, abdominal pain, etc. Human inhalation 160 ppm×4 h, 1/2 human face is slightly congested. Subacute and chronic toxicity: the cat inhaled its vapor at 7 mg/m3 for 4 h/d for 6 months, and the conditioned reflex began to collapse after exposure 1 month. Pathological examination showed pathological changes of liver, kidney and lung. Metabolism: 20% of acetonitrile is converted into thiocyanate in dogs and excreted in urine, while 50% in guinea pigs. The metabolism of acetonitrile was enhanced by injecting ethanol into animals in advance, and 87% of acetonitrile was converted into thiocyanate. Mice were injected subcutaneously with acetonitrile 0.0 1 ml/g (2.5% acetonitrile solution), and the SCN content in plasma increased 2 hours after injection, reaching the peak at 7 hours. Experiments in rats show that acetone can affect the metabolism of acetonitrile and increase its acute toxicity by 3~4 times. Acetonitrile has no obvious accumulation in the body. Poisoning mechanism: The toxic effect of acetonitrile is mainly caused by the release of CN in vivo. -However, the role of acetonitrile itself and its metabolite thiocyanate cannot be ruled out, and the latter is more important in chronic action. Irritation: rabbit percutaneous open stimulation test: 500 mg, mild irritation. Mutagenicity: sex chromosome deletion and non-segregation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 47600 ppm. Reproductive toxicity: the lowest oral toxic dose (TDL? 0): 300 mg/kg (the eighth day of pregnancy), causing abnormal musculoskeletal development. Danger of explosion: This product is flammable.
Edit this emergency medical treatment
Diagnostic points: (1) The incubation period of cyanide ion is more than 4 hours, and it has also been reported that it will develop after 3 days of exposure. (2) Acute poisoning: pale face, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, chest tightness, chest pain, and severe cases may cause respiratory depression, blood pressure drop, coma, convulsions and other symptoms. Will die of coma, spasm, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest. (3) Renal damage: Proteinuria, frequent urination and other symptoms have also been reported. Acetonitrile poisoning accidents have occurred many times at home and abroad, and clinical deaths have been reported. (4) There may be symptoms of upper respiratory tract irritation. (5) The elevated concentrations of CN-, SCN- and acetonitrile in plasma of poisoned patients are also helpful for diagnosis. Treatment principle: (1) Clean up skin pollution and gastric lavage as soon as possible. (2) Give hyperbaric oxygen therapy as soon as possible. (3) Use methemoglobin generator in time, see hydrogen cyanide. Mild poisoning patients can also use sodium thiosulfate alone, which also has a good detoxification effect. (4) Give free radical scavengers, such as glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, etc. (5) Actively carry out symptomatic support treatment, pay attention to protecting the functions of heart, lung, brain, kidney and liver, and prevent pulmonary edema, such as early application of high-dose adrenocortical hormone, reducing kidney damage, maintaining water-electrolyte balance, reasonably rehydrating and diuresis, accelerating the discharge of poisons, and reducing kidney damage. (6) Because of the long incubation period, patients should observe for at least 48 ~ 72 h..(7 (7) Skin pollution should be washed with water immediately and clothes should be changed. If acetonitrile spills into eyes, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Precautionary measures: Due to the high volatility of acetonitrile, it is necessary to strengthen closed operation and take local or comprehensive ventilation measures in combination with specific conditions. Protect skin, gloves and clothes from pollution. /yj.html