Specifically, nucleotide is a compound composed of nitrogenous bases, pentose and phosphate group, in which the base is connected to pentose through N- glycosidic bond, and pentose is connected to phosphate group through phosphodiester bond. Therefore, the molecular structure of nucleotide can be abbreviated as N-R-PR-P.
Nucleotide is a biomacromolecule composed of base (N), pentose (R) and phosphoric acid (P). Among them, the base is an organic compound, including adenine (a), guanine (g), thymine (t), cytosine (c) and uracil (u). Pentose is a monosaccharide, also known as ribose or deoxyribose, which participates in the composition of RNA and DNA respectively; Phosphoric acid is an inorganic compound composed of phosphate groups and other small molecules, which provides the negative charge of nucleotide molecules.
In nucleic acids, nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form long-chain structures. Specifically, the 5' hydroxyl group of pentose molecule in each nucleotide unit is connected with the phosphate group in the next nucleotide unit through phosphodiester bond to form a linear nucleotide chain. In this process, a base is connected to the 1' position of each pentose molecule to form a base-pentose unit. So the chemical formula of nucleotide unit can be expressed as n-r-pr-p.
Application of nucleotide
Flavoring: Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and other nucleotides belong to taste-presenting nucleotides. In addition to their own flavor, when combined with L- glutamic acid (monosodium glutamate), they can also improve flavor and be used as raw materials for condiments and soups.
Food additives: Breast milk contains many kinds of nucleotides, such as uridine monophosphate (UMP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and so on. In order to improve the immune regulation function and memory of infants, infant milk powder produced in Europe, America, Japan and other countries has added trace nucleotides according to the content of breast milk. There are also examples of adding RNA.
199 1 year Europa set the upper limit of nucleotide addition level in infant food: cmp 2.5mg, ump 1.75mg, amp? 1.5 mg, gmp 0.5mg, imp 1.0 mg. GB 14880-20 12 recommended that the dosage of nucleotides in infant formula powder be 0. 12 ~ 0.58g/kg (based on the total amount of nucleotides).
China also has a patent to introduce high-energy milk added with nucleic acid or nucleotide, which can be easily absorbed by human body, promote blood circulation, improve brain function, promote metabolism, resist fatigue and radiation, strengthen the system and improve immunity.
Medical medicine: Nucleotide, as a drug, can inhibit urethral inflammation, and it is also used as an immunomodulator for postoperative patients in the United States.
Maternal and child products: Nucleotide is mostly used to produce prebiotic glucose, milk powder, rice flour and other products in infant products. Nucleotides are added to the new standard 20 13, which can only be added to milk powder, but not to glucose and rice flour.