Bascara wheel
One of the earliest records of perpetual motion comes from the works of Indian mathematician and astronomer Bascara 1 150 years ago. The perpetual motion machine he designed is an unbalanced machine, which consists of a wheel and a mercury shaft around the rim, in which the weight distribution of the wheel is unbalanced. When the wheel rotates, the mercury moves with it, providing the driving force for the wheel to continue to rotate, and so on, so as to keep the wheel running.
It can be said that Bascara's wheel perpetual motion machine has a great influence, because his novel ideas have aroused the curiosity of many scientists. In the following centuries, based on his concept of perpetual motion machine, many different versions of wheeled machines appeared. There are some awesome scientists, such as Da Vinci and Vilade.
Moreover, interestingly, Bascara was born with such fantastic ideas because of the influence of self-renewal and endless philosophical thoughts in Indian philosophy. It can be seen how influential philosophy and religion are.
Drebbel perpetual motion machine
17th century to19th century is the golden age of perpetual motion machine exploration. In those two hundred years, all kinds of whimsical perpetual motion machine BLACKPINK appeared one after another.
When Dandre Bell first showed his machine at 1604, it aroused people's curiosity, including the British royal family. What kind of machine is this? In fact, this machine is a beautifully shaped clock, which can display the date and moon phase without winding coil, and is driven by temperature and weather changes to drive an air thermometer or barometer.
However, as for the energy source of this perpetual motion machine, Drebbel only mentioned that he used the "blazing spirit of air" to maintain the movement of this machine, just like an alchemist (Drebbel was an alchemist at that time). Therefore, no one knows how Drebbel's perpetual motion machine moves and how its energy comes from.
In a letter to a friend later, Drebbel also described a more exquisite perpetual motion machine he designed: an instrument with a central sphere surrounded by a glass tube filled with liquid. The sphere is inlaid with some gold ornaments and a moon-phase dial, surrounded by mythical creatures, and its appearance is extremely beautiful. However, we are not sure whether this exquisite perpetual motion machine really exists.
Flod water screw
Robert Flod is an outstanding figure in the17th century. He is both a scientist and an alchemist. He often has some strange ideas. For example, he thinks that people are struck by lightning because lightning is the embodiment of God's anger.
Perpetual motion machine is also a classic of his whimsy. Flod put forward the perpetual motion version of "water spiral" in 16 18. This "water spiral" can use water circulation to generate electricity and drive a millstone to grind grains. When this perpetual motion machine was presented in the form of woodcut in 1660, it was generally considered as the first device to try to generate permanent public power. Its working principle is: the water flowing from the top water tank drives the large waterwheel at the lower left, and the operation of the waterwheel drives a series of complicated gears and shafts, thus driving the spiral bucket from the bottom center to the upper right, showing the overall operation of the machine and forming circulating water power.
Although the machine can't actually run, Flod didn't just try to break the laws of physics with his machine. In fact, he may have designed such a machine because he tried to find a way to help farmers. At that time, grinding grain depended entirely on uninterrupted power supply. People who live far away have to load their grain, drag it to the mill and then transport it back to the farm because there is no suitable tap water source. If Frood's perpetual motion machine works, it will make the lives of countless farmers easier, and its contribution is self-evident.
Cox clock
As a famous watchmaker in London, Cox is very interested in clocks and watches, and he also hopes that he can build a clock that can move forever. 1774, Cox made his perpetual power clock, which is similar to other mechanical clocks, except that it doesn't need a winding coil.
The clock is wrapped in glass and uses the pressure change of the earth's atmosphere as external energy to generate power similar to the winding movement. The internal power is a mercury manometer embedded in the clock. Mercury generates power by rising or falling, so that the internal watch wheel rotates in the same direction, forming a circular operation effect.
At that time, Cox said that it was a clock that could move forever, and it did run for almost 150 years without external force. This is the first widely accepted example of perpetual motion clock, which has been exhibited all over Europe for many years during the operation of 100 degrees. But unfortunately, in the 1930s of 19, it ended its mission, so it can only be regarded as a beautifully made clock. However, there are joys and sorrows. Cox's techniques used in this clock, such as the diamond operation of bearings and the change of air pressure, have been applied to modern clocks and watches.
Capone reactor
Capone, born in 1870, is a Romanian engineer and physicist. He devoted his life to the study of mechanical engineering, thermodynamics and electrochemistry. From 1904 to 1909, Capone studied the long-distance transmission of high-frequency current and current signals and advanced fuel cell technology after completing his doctoral thesis. It was also the research work in this period that opened the prelude to his creation of the legendary perpetual motion machine-Capone electrolyte.
1950 assembled the prototype of this stack. It is mainly driven by two series battery packs to drive a small current motor. After the motor generates electricity (converts it into mechanical energy), it will push a blade connected to the switch. Every half turn of the blade will trigger a switch to open the circuit to charge the stack, then close the circuit at the second rotating node, and so on. The rotation time of the blades is calculated, so that the stack will have a certain time to charge, thus realizing circulation.
After the invention was completed, it was collected by the Romanian National Museum of Technology. By 20 10, the reactor has been working continuously for 60 years! Moreover, when the battery was opened for testing by some scientists, they found that the battery had kept the voltage of 1 volt since its invention, and its stability was also surprising.
At present, the reactor is still working, but scientists still can't figure out what this strange battery is. Why are you still running? Perhaps the energy conversion efficiency of this reactor is very high, and there is almost no loss in the process of mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy, so it is relatively stable after 60 years of continuous operation, but one day, with the gradual consumption of energy, this reactor will also stop running.
Newman energy machine
In the 20th century, with the development of scientific theory, scientists fundamentally denied the possibility of perpetual motion machine. 19 1 1 year, the U.S. patent office issued a statement saying that it would no longer grant patents for perpetual motion machines or free energy equipment, because it seems impossible to make such equipment scientifically. For some inventors, this means that their work is more difficult to get scientific recognition. Since then, people's enthusiasm for perpetual motion machine exploration has gradually decreased, but some people still insist.
1979, an American science enthusiast named Joseph M. Newman claimed that he invented a perpetual motion machine whose mechanical power output always exceeded the input power, and the efficiency of the energy machine exceeded 100%. The core power principle of the machine is to extract electromagnetic energy in space through atomic or chemical chain reaction. Specifically, a rotating permanent magnet is embedded in the electromagnetic pulse with power transmitted by the coil, which converts the mass energy of the coil into torque and power to keep the machine running.
In the same year, Newman tried to apply for a patent for the energy machine, which was rejected by the US Patent Office. Newman subsequently filed an appeal, and the US National Bureau of Standards tested his equipment and verified its effectiveness. Disappointingly, in 1986, the test results of the equipment show that the output energy is not more than the input energy.
However, as an amateur science lover who has not finished high school, Newman's strange ideas are worthy of recognition even if no one is willing to support his research plan.
David Hamel's anti-gravity machine
In the mid-20th century, with the upsurge of aliens, perpetual motion machines were also associated with aliens. American David Hamel is a carpenter and has no formal education. In his self-described "incredible true story", he told people that after being kidnapped by aliens, he was selected as the caretaker of the free energy machine and spacecraft, and obtained a lot of advanced information. If people believe him, he will be able to change the world.
Although David Hamel's statement is very doubtful, Hamel points out that the energy used by his perpetual motion machine is similar to the energy used by spiders to jump from one spider silk to another in their cobwebs (equivalent to translational jumping). Such power can counteract gravity, and allow him to build an aircraft, gather humans and aliens who give him information, and let humans meet aliens.
Hamel claimed that it took him 20 years to build this interstellar equipment and engine. During this period, he built it with a series of magnets, and used ionic power as energy to successfully take off his anti-gravity machine. Unfortunately, according to Hamel's account, the plane disappeared into the air after the flight. Because we haven't seen its prototype, it's always hard for people to believe Hamel's argument.
In fact, as long as we observe carefully, we will find that there are many amazing ideas about perpetual motion machine in history, but the development of modern science denies the possibility of perpetual motion machine, so people pay less and less attention to perpetual motion machine and perpetual motion machine technology now. Although perpetual motion machine cannot be established scientifically, these brave and eclectic explorations in history are still worth remembering.