Question 1: How to kill Aspergillus aflatoxin. Eliminate mold rot. The distribution of aflatoxin-contaminated grains is very uneven. Most of them are on damaged, insect-eaten, and discolored grains. If these are removed, the grains contaminated by aflatoxin will be contaminated. Reduce its toxin levels. Observe the feed and grain through vision and smell to determine whether it is contaminated or not. If the contamination is serious, remove it. When feeding ruminants, silage should be carefully inspected and if any mold is found, it should be removed.
Radiation method ultraviolet rays or γ-rays can effectively kill mold and destroy the chemical structure of aflatoxin to achieve the purpose of detoxification. Using high-pressure mercury lamps to irradiate large doses of ultraviolet rays, the detoxification rate can reach 97-99. Feng Dingyuan (1995) reported that after exposing peanut cakes to natural sunlight for 30 hours, aflatoxin B1 decreased by 42.31, and G1 and G2 were almost completely removed.
Aflatoxins in the water-washed method are insoluble in water and stable to heat. Aflatoxins are unevenly distributed in crops such as corn. The total amount of aflatoxins present in the epidermal embryo can reach more than 80%. The method is to use the difference in the specific gravity of corn embryos and breast embryos in water to remove the embryo or epidermis floating on the water after grinding to achieve the purpose of removing most of the toxins. Laboratory and application results show that the average detoxification rate of this method can reach more than 80%. Most of the peanut kernels contaminated by AF have a light specific gravity, and the kernels floating in the water are mostly AF-contaminated kernels. This method can remove 88% of the contaminated kernels.
The binder method currently uses binders to bind aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The main binders include hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), clay, zeolite, bentonite, and activated carbon. , montmorillonite and other binders. However, the bonding effect of HSCAS in vivo is the same as in vitro. To achieve good results in bonding aflatoxins, the minimum requirement for the adhesive is that it is porous and its pore diameter is in the range of 0.015-0.090 mm (150 angstroms-900 angstroms). Lindemann et al. (1993) reported that adding 0.25 or 0.5 bentonite sodium to the diet of weaned piglets containing 800 μg/kg AFB1 can increase the average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake of piglets.
Chemical drug detoxification method. Some chemical agents such as hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, etc. have certain effects on removing AF. Feng Dingyuan et al. (1997) reported that peanut cakes were treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 sodium hypochlorite for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. The difference in detoxification between groups was not significant, and the total aflatoxin reduction was above 93%. The effects on aflatoxins are different, among which aflatoxin B1 has the greatest reduction. Ammonia treatment is to use ammonia gas or ammonia water to treat corn, soybean meal, peanut meal, etc. contaminated with aflatoxin. Under the action of ammonia, the lactone ring of the toxin can be cleaved to achieve the purpose of detoxification.
Biological detoxification method This method screens certain microorganisms and uses their biological transformation to destroy or transform mycotoxins into low-toxic substances. Microorganisms that have been reported include root enzyme, rice root enzyme, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, etc., which have good effects on removing aflatoxin.
Add sulfur-containing amino acids. Add methionine and cysteine ??to the feed. Under the action of enzymes in the livestock and poultry bodies, their sulfur atoms can be used to promote glutathione (GSH). Synthesized, GSH is able to resist toxic substances outside the body. Hu Lan et al. (2001) reported that supplementing 0.2 g.kg-1 of methionine and 0.4g.kg-1 of cysteine ??respectively on the basis of oral AF2mg.kg-1 of broilers can maintain the number of red blood cells and white blood cells at the same level. The levels in the control group were basically the same, and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) increased, but the proportion was very small, indicating that it helped reduce the liver damage caused by AF in broiler chickens.
If the raw materials and feeds in the mixed dilution method are contaminated by mold beyond the specified value, they can be diluted with non-contaminated raw materials and feeds to keep the mycotoxins within a safe range, but the dilution should be uniform. To prevent mold from continuing to grow and be contaminated again, try to feed freshly prepared food. This method applies to breeding farms.
Add vitamin C. Vitamin C can block the epoxidation of aflatoxin B1 and prevent its oxidation into active forms of toxic substances. Adding a certain amount of vitamin C to the diet, coupled with appropriate levels of amino acids, is an effective way to overcome aflatoxin poisoning. Hu Shaochang (2001, Translated) In experiments on broiler chickens in the aflatoxin B1 group and the aflatoxin B1 vitamin C group, the former caused immune failure in infectious bursal disease. ...gt;gt;
Question 2: How to kill aflatoxin. High temperature is acceptable. The decomposition temperature of high-temperature resistant aflatoxin B1 is 268°C and the cleavage temperature is 280°C. Ultraviolet rays are destructive to low concentrations of aflatoxins.
If the food is moldy, don’t take the risk. Aflatoxin is 68 times more toxic than arsenic and is highly carcinogenic.
Question 3: How to kill aflatoxin Aflatoxin is a biological toxin, often produced by molds such as Aspergillus aflatoxin. This compound can be decomposed above 280°C to achieve the effect of removing pollution.
Question 4: Can exposure to sunlight kill aflatoxins? What is the living environment of aflatoxin? ...First of all, aflatoxin is just a poison secreted by Aspergillus aflatoxin. The growth environment of Aspergillus aflatoxin is basically the same as that of ordinary mold. Sunlight can kill Aspergillus aflatoxin but cannot destroy the toxins it produces. Aflatoxin is very stable. Even if it is boiled, it will take more than two hours to destroy it, so if it is on food It is best to throw away Aspergillus aflatoxin. If the mold is not serious, you can wash the food that can be washed thoroughly and then eat it after exposing it to the sun (such as peanuts and other dried fruits). To prevent the occurrence of Aspergillus aflatoxin, you need to ventilate more and expose your clothes to the sun more. Food should be sealed and stored in a dry place.
Question 5: At what high temperature and low temperature can aflatoxin kill aspergillus (a class of compounds with similar chemical structures, all of which are derivatives of dihydrofuranocoumarin. Aflatoxin Aspergillus is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus aflatoxin. The probability of aflatoxin appearing in food and feed in hot and humid areas is highest. Hello! Aflatoxin is heat-resistant: it cannot be treated at normal cooking and processing temperatures. Destruction, pyrolysis temperature is 280℃. Solubility in water is low, soluble in oil and some organic solvents, such as chloroform and methanol, but insoluble in ether, petroleum ether and ethane.
Aflatoxin. It does not mean killing, but we can only try to prevent its production. Aflatoxin is a general term for toxins produced by Aspergillus aflatoxin. It is highly toxic, highly carcinogenic, and can be extremely harmful to the human body. Peanuts, corn, sweet potatoes and other plant foods produce the highest amount of aflatoxin in an environment where the temperature is around 30 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity is 85. In order to prevent food from becoming moldy, the food must be dried or kept at low temperatures. Collection.
CSY-E96H Aflatoxin Rapid Detector (Aflatoxin Rapid Detector | Aflatoxin Detector | Aflatoxin Tester) adopts the principle of solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent ELISA , that is, enzyme-linked immunoassay; it can quantitatively detect aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2 M1 M2 AFM1, AFP1, AFQ1) in grain, food, feed, oils, dairy products, drugs, beverages, milk, wine and other products , AFB1-2, 3-epoxide) content. And can be connected to food safety monitoring systems, aflatoxin rapid detectors, drug residue detectors are widely used in product quality supervision and inspection, health and epidemic prevention, environmental protection, industrial and commercial management, water Product wholesale markets, flour product production bases, farms, grain depots, supermarkets, shopping malls, major food safety monitoring systems and other departments
Question 6: Under what conditions can aflatoxin kill 2.2 yellow. The harm of aspergillus to human health
Aflatoxins are recognized as liver carcinogens, among which AFB1 is the most carcinogenic. People who eat foods containing low levels of aflatoxins for a long time will have their livers damaged.
Evidence of acute aflatoxin poisoning in humans has recently been reported in third world countries, with a syndrome characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain, pulmonary edema, convulsive spasms, coma, death from cerebral edema and hyperlipidemia in the liver, kidney-shaped veins and heart. In 1988, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed aflatoxin B1 as one of the human carcinogens, which has been proven by many epidemiological researchers in Asia and Africa to have a positive effect on dietary aflatoxin and hepatocellular carcinoma (LCC). Be confirmed. In addition, human aflatoxin carcinogenesis may be related to age, gender, nutritional status, and hepatitis or parasitic infection. Shank et al. (1972) investigated commercially available foods and home cooked foods (meals) in Thailand, calculated the average daily intake of aflatoxin per person, and found that the amount of aflatoxin was consistent with the regional distribution of liver cancer incidence. Corn and homemade peanut butter in the Philippines are seriously contaminated with aflatoxins. In one area where corn is the main food and in another area where homemade peanut butter is often eaten, the incidence of liver cancer is more than seven times higher than in other areas. Among residents who eat peanut butter, it has been measured M1 is metabolized into aflatoxin in human urine after eating peanut butter. M1 was detected in three samples of the urine of seven children who consumed 111.2-15.0 mg of aflatoxin B11 from peanut butter every day.
2.3 Residues
After animals ingest aflatoxin, it is most distributed in the liver, and the content can be 5-15 times that of other organs and tissues. It can also be detected in the kidneys, spleen and adrenal glands. There is a very small amount in the blood and generally not detectable in the muscles. Aflatoxins generally do not accumulate in the body if they are not continuously ingested. Aflatoxin and its metabolites remain in the body of animals and are excreted in milk, urine, feces and respiration.
Experiments have shown that after animals ingest aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites can be found in liver, kidney, muscle, blood, milk and eggs, thus causing contamination of animal food . Generally, about 1 of the aflatoxin B1 ingested by mammals is excreted in the milk and urine in the form of M1. Examination of milk showed that M1 could be found in the milk 11 hours after the cows ingested AFB, with the highest concentration between 12 and 60 hours, and then dropped to trace amounts after 5 days. The Guangxi Health and Epidemic Prevention Station fed 12 dairy cows mixed feed with different contents of AFB1 for 36 days to study the transformation relationship of AFB1 in the cow body. The results showed that the residual amount of AFB1 in dairy cows generally accounted for 3.45-11.39 of the total intake of AFB1, with an average value of 5.75 . Agacdelen (1993) reported that when laying hens were fed AFB1500μg/d, the AFB1 content in eggs on the seventh day was 0.117PPb. After feeding for 4 days, no AFB1 was detected in the eggs.
Little information is available on toxin residues in animal products for human consumption, some data are summarized in Table 4. In different countries, the mandatory maximum levels of reporting are at 0.05-1 ppb for aflatoxin M1 and 15 ppb for aflatoxin B. In most countries the toxin levels detected are below this level and are acceptable. Standards for aflatoxins in food in my country are being formulated.
3 Preventive measures
3.1 Mildew prevention Mildew prevention is to prevent raw materials and products from being contaminated by mold and its toxins. Preventing contamination by toxin-producing mold is the key to preventing the occurrence of AF. The main measures to prevent mildew include the following aspects:
3.1.1 Controlling moisture means controlling the moisture of raw materials and feeds such as grains and the relative humidity of the storage environment. ⑴ Strictly control the moisture content of grains and other raw materials. Mildew prevention of grains and other raw materials must start when the grains are harvested in the field. The key is to dry it quickly after harvesting so that the grain moisture content drops to a safe moisture range in a short time. Generally, the moisture content of grains is below 13, that of corn is below 12.5, and that of peanut kernels is below 8. Molds are not easy to reproduce. The moisture content of plant cakes, fish meal, meat and bone meal, etc. should not exceed 12. ⑵ Strictly control the moisture content of the feed. When the moisture content of the feed exceeds 15%, mold can grow and reproduce in large quantities. When it reaches 17-18%, it is the best condition for fungal toxin production.
Our country stipulates that the moisture content of compound feed for pigs and chickens should not exceed 14 in the north and 12 in the south; while the moisture content of concentrated feed for pigs and chickens should be less than 12 in the north and less than 10 in the south. Generally speaking, the moisture content of pellets should be controlled at 12.5, and the moisture content of powder should be lower than 12...gt;gt;
Question 7: Ultraviolet rays can kill Aspergillus flavus Suma 20 minutes aflatoxin is not easily soluble in water, is heat-resistant, resistant to strong acid and ultraviolet radiation, and will only decompose at a high temperature of 280°C. The washing, cooking and other methods that people use daily have no great effect on it. It can be seen that although sunlight has ultraviolet rays and will also heat, it does not achieve the desired effect. The best prevention and control method is to prevent mildew in grain and other foods, and check it from the source: dryness, low temperature, and anaerobic are the main measures to prevent mildew.
But kill or remove some aflatoxins There are still ways. Because aflatoxin is relatively easy to decompose under alkaline conditions, soaking in baking soda (i.e. 1 sodium bicarbonate) for a period of time can remove more than 90% of aflatoxin. In addition, using a pressure cooker with higher pressure and higher temperature is more effective in removing aflatoxin.
In addition, a lot of aflatoxin is attached to the surface, and most of the mold can be removed by washing it several times.
Question 8: How to kill Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus flavus (scientific name: Aspergillus flavus), also known as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus flavus, is a kind of fungus. In the natural environment, it is a common mold that can cause storage problems in stored Class B. It is also a human pathogen that causes Aspergillosis of the lungs and sometimes infections of the cornea, ears, and nose and eye frames. Many species of bacteria produce sufficient amounts of aflatoxins, compounds that are carcinogenic and violently toxic. Aspergillus flavus spores are an allergen. Aspergillus flavus sometimes causes damage to silkworm hatcheries. For example, peanuts and corn are easily contaminated by Aspergillus aflatoxin and its toxins, wheat and corn are easily contaminated by Fusarium and its toxins, and rice is easily contaminated by Penicillium and its toxins.
Common mycotoxins include aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fusarium toxin and penicillin toxin.
Aspergillus flavus is found on moldy peanuts, grains, nuts and rice. Liver cancer is directly related to high levels of Aspergillus aflatoxin. In order to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin, it is best to store peach kernels, nuts, and grains in a sealed and dry place, and do not eat moldy foods, especially moldy dried fruits, peach kernels, and grains.
Mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, its basic structure contains difuran ring and dicoumarin. Aflatoxin mainly damages the liver, manifesting as fatty degeneration, hemorrhage, necrosis and bile duct epithelium. , fibrous tissue hyperplasia. The kidneys can also be damaged.
It forms on food and is difficult to kill
Question 9: Can table salt kill aflatoxin? Aflatoxin is a molecular mycotoxin and a highly toxic substance. And a strong carcinogen, it is the most stable of the various mycotoxins discovered so far. Aflatoxin is a fluorescent toxin that produces blue-violet and green flashing fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation.
Question 10: Can microwave ovens kill aflatoxin? It does not kill aflatoxin. It only says that we can only try to prevent its production.
Aflatoxin is caused by Aspergillus flavus A general term for the toxins produced. It is highly toxic, highly carcinogenic, and extremely harmful to the human body.
Aflatoxin can contaminate various plant foods such as peanuts, corn, and sweet potatoes. In an environment where the temperature is around 30 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity is 85, the amount of aflatoxin produced is the highest. In order to prevent food from going moldy, food must be stored dry or at low temperatures.