Answer: Drilling engineering refers to the process of drilling into the stratum through drilling tools (drill bit, drill pipe, drill chain, etc.). ) After the oil, gas and water layers are preliminarily proved, they are connected with the casing and extend downward to the oil, gas and water layers.
Geotechnical engineering: science and technology related to the utilization, transformation or transformation of geotechnical or soil in engineering construction. It can be seen that drilling and excavation engineering has played a great role in promoting the development of geotechnical engineering, mainly by using drilling and excavation engineering to discover rich material resources under the stratum, which provides good conditions and advanced technology for the development of geotechnical engineering. At the same time, we can know that drilling engineering is a small part of geotechnical engineering, and geotechnical engineering must use drilling technology to excavate underground material resources and then exploit resources, which means that drilling engineering has made a decisive factor for the development of geotechnical engineering.
2. The whole process of drilling engineering?
Answer: Before drilling, the site should be leveled at the designed hole location, and the circulation pool and water pool of drilling flushing fluid should be well controlled, as well as the foundation pit necessary for installing the rig 14 and the drilling machine room 15. Install No.7 drilling rig, pump 18 and motor 19, and drive the drilling rig and pump in the rig according to the designed drilling direction. Use the installed drilling rig to drill holes in the design direction, and then fix the orifice pipe 6 at the orifice.
When drilling, first use winch 16 to drill to the drill string below the hole. The drill string consists of a core tube 3, a reducing joint 4 and a drill string 5. The total length of drill string should be greater than the hole depth, and all drill strings should be connected with sealed threads. The upper part of the drill string passes through the vertical axis of rotation 8 of the drilling rig and is held by the chuck 9. The drilling faucet 10 is installed at the top of the drill string and connected with the pump 18 through the high-pressure hose 17. Rotate while flushing the hole, carefully lower the drill bit to the bottom of the hole and start drilling.
According to the physical and mechanical properties of the newly drilled rock, under the combined action of axial force and rotating force, the drill bit drills an annular space at the bottom of the hole, producing core 2, which will fill the core tube with the deepening of drilling.
Cool the drill bit, remove the broken cuttings from the bottom of the hole and bring them to the surface. Clean the hole with cleaning medium.
When the core is full of the core tube, the core should be reliably clamped and broken from the lower part of the core tube.
When lifting the drill bit, unload the drill string to a separate bracket and put it on the bracket. Generally, the stand is made up of 2-4 drill pipes connected by threads. The length of the stand depends on the height of the rig, which should be about 3 meters lower than the rig. The quality of drill string can be measured by tensiometer when lifting drill.
After the drilling tool is lifted to the ground, unscrew the drill bit and take out the core from the core tube. Rinse and remove the mud skin from the core, measure the length of the core, and then put it into the core box in turn, indicating the coring interval and core recovery rate. Observe carefully every time you lift the electric drill. After wear, update the drill bit in time and repeat the above steps.
3. Strength of rock.
Answer: Strength is the performance index of solid materials resisting damage under external load. Factors affecting rock strength: (1) Strength of rock-forming minerals. (2) Pore density. (3) Anisotropy. (4) Rock loading mode. (5) Stress state. (6) Loading speed.
4. Rock hardness
A: The hardness of a rock reflects its ability to resist the external hard objects from pressing into its surface. Factors affecting rock hardness: (1) Properties of new minerals in rocks. (2) Anisotropy. (3) Under the condition of uniform compression in all directions, the hardness of rock increases. (4) With the increase of loading speed, the plastic coefficient of rock will decrease and the hardness will increase.
5. Abrasiveness of rocks.
Answer: the abrasiveness of rock: the ability of rock to wear tools is called the abrasiveness of rock. There are two kinds: (1) friction and wear. (2) Abrasive wear.
Factors affecting the abrasiveness of rocks: (1) The greater the hardness of rock particles, the stronger the abrasiveness. (2) The lower the bond strength of rock glue structure, the stronger the abrasiveness of rock. (3) The sharper the shape and the larger the particle size of the rock, the stronger the abrasiveness of the rock. (4) The surface of porous rock is rough, and local contact with tools is easy to produce stress concentration, which enhances the abrasiveness of the rock. (5) Under the same hardness, the grindability of single mineral is low, while the grindability of non-material and multi-mineral rocks is strong. (6) Media will change the abrasiveness of rocks.
6. Three ways of rock breaking.
A: Rock fragmentation: it is the technology and theory to break or block some rock mass out of its parent body during excavation. Divided into cutting crushing, impact crushing and explosion crushing.
7. What are the parts of the axial drilling rig?
Answer: Power machine, clutch, gearbox, transfer case, vertical shaft, winch and hydraulic device.
8, the structure of cemented carbide drill three elements.
Answer: A certain number of cemented carbide tools are arranged on the bit body in a certain form, which can form a bit structure for drilling different strata. These elements that determine the bit structure are called the structural elements of cemented carbide bits.
Bit body: it is the supporting body of the cutter.
Cutting tools are divided into: inner and outer cutting edges and bottom cutting edges.
9. Sharpen the knife.
Answer: After the tool of the sharpened hard bit alloy bit is worn, it can be reground into a single-inclined acute angle tool with a grinding wheel, so as to cut into the rock, and the penetration rate will gradually decrease with the wear of the tool. The shape of bit body can be divided into sharpening bit and ordinary ring bit.
Ribbed drill is a cutting tool. A number of rib pieces are uniformly welded on the outside of the drill body, and small cutting edges are embedded in the ribs.
Ordinary annular bit: it can drill into moderately hard or moderately hard weakly abrasive strata.
10, self-grinding bit.
Answer: When drilling hard rock, in addition to diamond bits and steel bits, self-grinding cemented carbide bits are commonly used. The contact area of the self-grinding drill tool remains unchanged after wear, and there is no weakness that the sharpening drill tool becomes dull gradually. However, the breaking resistance of small cross-section tools is very poor, so it is necessary to support the tools with toothed low carbon steel.
1 1, diamond bit types and rock breaking mechanism.
Answer: (1) The surface is attached with a diamond bit. When the diamond moves along concentric circles, it transfers a certain mass to the rock, and the rock breaks to form small grooves after absorbing energy. In the elastic-brittle rock, the width of the groove greatly exceeds the depth of diamond eating into the rock due to the generation of large and small shear bodies. After the diamond is passivated, it is necessary to repeatedly supplement the load at a certain point at the bottom of the hole to break the rock, that is, the rock breaking process at this time has the nature of fatigue breaking.
(2) impregnated diamond bit. The rock breaking process at the bottom of the hole with impregnated diamond bit is different from that with impregnated diamond bit on the surface, because the diamond particles used are very small and buried in the matrix. The impregnated drill bit must maintain the self-sharpening property in the drilling regulations, so as to keep the drilling speed constant without attenuation.
12, structural elements of diamond bit.
Answer: (1) Diamond for drill bit: Natural and synthetic diamond particles depend on the lithology of the new drill bit. (2) The content of diamond in matrix: The content of diamond is an important parameter that affects the performance of drill bit. (3) Performance of bit matrix: choose the matrix hardness correctly according to the newly drilled rock. (4) The shape of the grinding surface of the drill bit: the grinding surface is mostly a flat bottom line, which can naturally form an arc after running underground for a period of time. (5) Nozzle of drill bit: designed as multi-nozzle and small nozzle to prevent burning of drilling hole.
13, drilling speed.
Answer: (1) ROP: lowering the drilling tool from the through hole-drilling-lifting the drilling tool from the hole, which is called returning in the production cycle. With the deepening of drilling and the improvement of rock drillability, it takes a lot of time to trip in once. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize drilling parameters and realize the mechanization of drilling tool lifting operation to improve drilling time.
(2) Circulating drilling: refers to the average ROP of the whole production cycle from drilling to drilling.
14, drilling program (optimal, reasonable and special)
Answer: When the geological and technical conditions and drilling methods have been determined, the combination of drilling parameters selected to obtain the highest drilling speed or the lowest drilling cost per meter is called the optimal program on the premise of ensuring the drilling quality index.
Under the given technical equipment, when the selection of drilling program parameters is limited, the combination of drilling parameters to ensure drilling quality index and strive for maximum drilling speed is called reasonable program.
In order to complete special coring, well deviation correction, directional drilling and other tasks, the parameters used are matched as special programs.
15, the key procedure of diamond drilling.
Answer: The temperature rise of the bit tire is normal, the power consumption is stable, and the bit wear is slightly reduced. However, under the critical regulation, the temperature rise of the bit tire will rise sharply, the power consumption will increase sharply, the bit will be seriously worn, and even the bit will be burned.
(1) Relationship between carcass temperature and WOB P and ROP N
(2) The relationship among power consumption, ROP and drilling regulations.
(3) The relationship between carcass temperature and washing liquid.
(4) The relationship between bit wear and drilling regulations.
16, the critical speed of the auger bit.
Answer: The concept of critical rotation speed: When the rotation speed is low, the centrifugal inertia force of cuttings is small, and the friction between the hole wall and cuttings is not enough to make cuttings move relative to the blades, so cuttings can only rotate at any time, but cannot rise. With the increase of rotating speed, the friction between the hole wall and the drill cuttings increases. When the rotating speed exceeds a certain critical point, the friction between the hole wall and the cuttings is enough to make the cuttings move relative to the spiral blades, and the cuttings will rise. The critical point of this speed is called critical speed.
17, DTH drilling rig.
Answer: (1) Valve type impactor: forward impactor, reaction impactor and double-acting impactor.
(2) Valveless impactor: jet impactor and jet impactor.
(3) DTH hammer with valve: exhaust structure, air defense mechanism and valve distribution mechanism.
18, using soil core.
A: One of the main tasks of engineering geological drilling is to take cores or undisturbed soil samples from rock and soil layers. The natural structure of core samples is generally not easy to be destroyed, but soil samples are easily disturbed.
Borrowing method: (1) Pressing method: divided into continuous pressing method and intermittent pressing method. The former uses pulley combination device to press the sampler into the stratum quickly at one time, which is suitable for sampling in soft soil layer, while the latter presses the sampler into the stratum twice or multiple times.
(2) Press-in method: generally suitable for sampling hard soil layer and hard soil layer, which can be divided into press-in method outside the hole and press-in method inside the hole.
(3) Rotary excavation method: When taking soil samples or rock samples in hard soil, if the above-mentioned methods cannot be used, rotary excavation method or a soil sampler with mechanical rotary drilling can be used.
19, recovery rate of rock (ore) core and its influencing factors.
Answer: Core recovery rate: the ratio of the actual core length taken out of the hole to the actual drilling size. For cores, it is generally required that the core is not less than 65% and the core is not less than 75%. If it is insufficient, it must be supplemented.
Influencing factors:
(1): Natural factors: The natural factors that affect the quantity and quality of coring are mainly the physical and mechanical properties of newly drilled rocks and the structure and structure of strata fractures.
(2) Human factors: ① Unreasonable selection of drilling method: during drilling, steel particles vibrate greatly, the hole wall gap is large, and the drilled core is fine, which has a great influence on core wear, while the wear of cemented carbide is slight and that of diamond is extremely small. ② Reasonable selection of drilling tool structure: When bending or eccentric drill pipes, drill pipes and drill bits are used in drilling, the drilling tool rotates during drilling, resulting in centrifugal force and horizontal vibration, so that the core is damaged by collision and wear. ③ Drilling regulations: pressure, speed and pump displacement. ④ Incorrect operation method: blind pursuit of size during drilling, long return time and untimely drilling will increase the possibility that the core will be destroyed at the bottom of the hole.
20, coring tools and methods.
Answer: (1) Material clamping method: When using cemented carbide and steel particles to drill medium-hard and above medium-hard and complete rock and mineral properties, at the end of the drilling cycle, the material can be put into the bottom of the hole from the drill pipe, and the core can be clamped and screwed off.
(2) Clamping method of clamp spring: the clamp spring is installed on the inner conical surface of the bit body, and the core can be broken when the drilling tool is slightly lifted at the end of return.
(3) Dry drilling sticking method: Stop water supply at the end of the last drilling, stick the core with the taken rock powder for a short dry drilling size, and then screw it out by rotation.
(4) Sedimentation blocking method: Stop the circulation of flushing fluid at the end of each cycle, and use the sedimentation of suspended rock powder in the core tube to block the core.
(5) Wedge crusher clamping method: at the end of drilling and mixing, lift the drilling tool out of the hole, run it into the wedge crusher, impact the wedge with a hammer, and then run it into the fixture to lift the core.
2 1, other coring methods.
Answer: (1) Single-layer core tube drilling tool.
(2) Double pipe drilling tools. ① Double acting double tube ② Single acting double tube
(3) Wireline coring drilling tools: ① single-acting double-layer core pipe ② fishing device.
(4) reverse circulation drilling and coring: ① local reverse circulation coring at the bottom of the hole; ② Full-hole reverse circulation coring.
22, the role of drilling fluid.
Answer: (1) Good cooling and heat dissipation ability and lubrication performance.
(2) Good shearing and diluting performance.
(3) Good wall protection, leakage prevention and external influence resistance.
(4) It has the performance of not fermenting and deteriorating itself and not corroding drilling tools.
23. Three elements of drilling position structure.
Usually, we call the well depth, azimuth angle and vertex angle as well deviation, which determines the drilling trajectory.
24. Necessary and sufficient conditions for borehole bending.
The fundamental reason of borehole bending is that the axis of large diameter drilling tool deviates from borehole curve.
1, there is a hole wall gap, which provides space for the inclination or bending of large diameter drilling tools. This situation mainly affects the bending strength of drilling holes.
2. It has the force of toppling or bending, which provides power for the deviation of the axis of the large-diameter drilling tool from the drilling axis.
3. The inclined plane of large diameter drilling tool is stable. The inclined plane of large-diameter drilling tool refers to the gap between the inclined or bent axis of large-diameter drilling tool and the plane hole wall and the necessary condition for realizing drilling bending when inclined or bent, and the stable inclined plane of large-diameter drilling tool is the sufficient condition for residual drilling bending.
25. Identification, measurement and plugging methods of drilling leakage
1. From the perspective of rock structure, since the first leakage often occurs in several layers during drilling, after the leakage is found, the core taken out by drilling should be analyzed first to observe whether there is looseness, cracks, joint development or dissolution near the bottom of the hole and how complete it is.
2. From the perspective of drilling process: if leakage occurs suddenly during drilling, accompanied by sudden increase in drilling speed or falling of drilling tools, it is necessary to consider whether you have encountered a broken zone, a large fracture or a large karst cave.
3. Judging from the water level in the hole, when there is no water at the bottom of the hole, there is no stable water level in the hole, which is called total hole leakage.
Measurement method 1. Simple field measurement method 1. Water stop measurement method II. Isolation pressure test method.
2. Determination method of well temperature
3. Borehole leak detector