Focus on the arguments in the reading of argumentative papers in the senior high school entrance examination
Argumentative writing in senior high school entrance examination is inseparable from the examination of arguments. Because a good argumentative essay should not only have correct and profound arguments, but also have solid and powerful arguments, so as to make the article well-founded and convincing. Then, what are the main types of argumentative papers for the senior high school entrance examination?
First, correctly distinguish the types of arguments.
We know that arguments mainly include factual arguments and rational arguments. Factual arguments refer to representative and conclusive examples, historical facts or statistical data. Rational argument refers to the truth, celebrity's remarks, proverbs, principles, theorems and formulas in natural science that have been tested and proved by practice.
Our nation has a tradition of stressing righteousness. Throughout ancient and modern times, looking at the world, the history of Chinese civilization is the history of justice defeating evil, and it is a vigorous song. In thousands of years' history, the names of national heroes such as Qu Yuan, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Zheng Chenggong and Lin Zexu are all stars, which are the righteous souls of our nation. It is precisely because of this meaning that our nation has experienced life and death tests again and again, and has been continued and developed.
I would like to ask: from the type of argument, the above is an argument.
There are two prerequisites for answering this question correctly: one is to know the two categories of argumentation (factual argumentation and rational argumentation), and the other is to correctly judge the types of argumentation. According to the facts of national heroes such as Qu Yuan, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and Lin Zexu, it can be judged that the above is a factual argument.
Example 2,> (Qinghai in 2004)
"Qiao" is naturally not a dream, nor is it begging, and of course it is not born. It comes from people's long-term social practice and hard work. Many famous craftsmen at all times, at home and abroad were not "smart" at first, but after a lot of "clumsy" efforts, they gradually became smart. As the saying goes, "Diligence makes up for mistakes" and "Practice makes perfect" is the truth. Newton, the giant in the history of science, opened a hole for the cat when he was a child, even two sizes, allowing the big cat to pass through the big hole and the kitten to pass through the small hole, which was once cited as a joke. Isn't this surprisingly "stupid"? Mei Lanfang, the founder of Mei School, known as "one of the three major performing arts systems in the world", also said: "I am a clumsy learner." When I was eight years old, I studied drama with my teacher. I could say a few old sayings, but I couldn't understand them after studying for a long time. The teacher thought he was too stupid, scolded him and stopped teaching him in a rage. However, he did not lose heart. For decades, he has studied hard, practiced hard and sincerely, and his artistic skills have finally reached perfection. Leonardo da Vinci, a famous Italian painter in the Renaissance, can be said to be a rare "craftsman" in the history of human art, but his superb painting "skills" were acquired at a rather clumsy stage after years of drawing circles-an egg in a shape.
1. What is the theoretical argument of this paragraph?
This topic is one of the types of identity arguments: theoretical arguments. Just find out the common sayings and idioms such as "Diligence makes up for mistakes" and "Practice makes perfect" from the text.
2. Summarize the factual arguments of this paragraph?
①
②
③
This title is the second kind of identity argument: fact argument. Just analyze it a little and summarize it. 1. When Newton was young, he dug a hole for every big cat and kitten. When Mei Lanfang was a child, she couldn't learn to play for a long time. The teacher thought he was stupid and didn't teach him. Da Vinci has been practicing drawing eggs for many years.
The three questions raised in the question paragraph involve the discrimination of arguments. Among them, (1)(2) the identification of the types of topic investigation and argumentation, (1) the theme is one of the types of argumentation: theoretical argumentation. Theoretical arguments include celebrity theory, proverbs, scientific principles and experimental results. Just find out the content of this answer from the text. (2) The second kind of identification argument: factual argument. Factual arguments include representative conclusive examples, historical facts and statistical data. , just a little analysis.
Second, it can supplement or replace the argument.
There are many arguments used to prove the argument, so in the argumentative essay of the senior high school entrance examination, the proposer often uses the method of supplementing, adding or replacing the arguments to make the proposition.
Example 3: Read the example "Say Joe" and answer the following questions: In addition to the factual arguments listed in the paragraph, please add another factual argument (this is called supplementary argument, and we must pay attention to the four characteristics of the supplementary case: authenticity, typicality, proof and non-repetition).
Example 4: Reviewing the history of science; Without doubts about Aristotle's physics, how could there be a major change in kinematics? Without the transcendence of Newton's classical mechanics, how can there be Einstein's theory of relativity? We call Copernicus, Einstein and Galileo today. They are the most creative and energetic elites in the fierce competition of economic globalization.
Imitate the sentence patterns of underlined sentences in the paragraph and add a contextual argument.
This problem is a combination of parody and adding arguments. Formally, the interrogative pattern of "no … and ……" should be adopted to express causality. From the content point of view, the key is to make it clear that the parody object is Copernicus from the sentence "We call Copernicus, Einstein and Galileo today", and at the same time, we should know something about Copernicus's deeds. For example, without denying Ptolemy's theory of earthquake, where did Copernicus's theory of earthquake come from?
Example 5. Say "tolerance" after reading "Examples". In addition to understanding the factual arguments listed in the article, please add a positive factual argument.
Third, pay attention to the order of arguments.
In an argumentative essay, there are often more than one argument that can be used to prove the argument, so it is necessary to consider an order problem. Whoever comes first must follow certain laws, from ancient times to the present, from primary to secondary, from small to large, from shallow to deep, from right to wrong, and so on. The five factual arguments in the example 1 are arranged in order from ancient times to the present. However, the three arguments in Example 4 are not rigorous. Some lines are drawn in chronological order, but the following three names "Copernicus, Einstein and Galileo" do not correspond. The correct order should be: Copernicus, Galileo and Einstein.
Fourth, summarize the argument and explain the reasons in detail.
The narrative in argumentative essays requires conciseness and generalization, but not all arguments are concise and powerful, such as Wen Tianxiang and Wen Yiduo in Tan Gu. Therefore, topics such as summarizing arguments with concise sentences and explaining why arguments are detailed are quite popular with proposers.
Example 6: Please summarize three examples and arguments in the article "Talking about Bone" with concise sentences.
Answer: 1. After Wen Tianxiang was captured in the Southern Song Dynasty, he would rather die than surrender and seek glory.
2. In ancient times, poor people would rather starve to death than eat "food from unknown sources";
3. Democracy fighter Wen Yiduo would rather die than surrender.
Exodus 7: At the beginning of the 20th century, an Italian-American immigrant wrote a brilliant stroke for the spiritual history of mankind. His name is Frank, and he opened a small bank through hard savings. But a bank robbery led to his unusual experience. He went bankrupt and the depositors lost their savings. He decided to take his wife and four children to repay this astronomical deposit. Everyone advised him: Why did you do this? You are not responsible for this matter. But he replied: yes, I may not be responsible legally, but morally, I am responsible and I should pay back the money. "
The price of repayment is 39 years of hard life. When sending the last "debt", he sighed gently: "Now, I am finally light without debt." He fulfilled his responsibilities with his life's bitterness and sweat, leaving real wealth to the world.
(1) Please broaden the contents of these two paragraphs with concise hungry sentences.
(2) Why is this argument not stated in general, but written in such detail? Please briefly explain your reasons.
Narrative content, whether simple or complex, mostly has elements such as time, place, task and event. Therefore, in the face of "complex" content, we only need to grasp these elements, and then "combine" and "perfect", which can be summarized in concise sentences. The answer to the first question is: After the bank went bankrupt, Frank started all over again and paid off his "debt" in 39 years.
The detail and conciseness of the argument are relative, as long as it can effectively prove the argument and not make people feel verbose. As far as Question 2 is concerned, there are three reasons for the detailed argument:
1 can better prove the argument that "the courage to take responsibility reflects the greatness of personality";
2. It can fully show the hardships of Frank's debt repayment and highlight his great personality;
3. It is to enhance the authenticity of the story and make the article more credible and touching.
Example 8 "Say' Tolerance'"
It is a traditional virtue of China people to be lenient with others. Tolerance is concrete and powerful.
During the Warring States Period in China, Lin Xiangru successfully completed the diplomatic tasks of "the whole package belongs to Zhao" and "Mianchi Club" and safeguarded Zhao's interests and dignity, so he was regarded as a senior official and "located on the right side of Lian Po". This angered Lian Po, a general who prided himself on taking credit. He threatened, "if I see each other like friends, I will be embarrassed." . Xiang Ru, on the other hand, focused on the overall situation and took a tolerant attitude towards Lian Po's insolence. Every time I saw Lian Po, "luring cars to avoid hiding" finally influenced Lian Po, maintained Zhao Anding's United political situation, and left a much-told story for future generations.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Zhang Ying, a family member of the Ministry of Rites, had a dispute with his neighbor when he was building a mansion because of unclear boundary. Both sides rely on their families to serve as officials in the DPRK, and they do not give in to each other. Local officials are also afraid of various forces and cannot judge. Zhang Ying's family wrote him a letter asking him to intervene. After receiving the letter, Zhang Ying immediately wrote a poem to reply to his family: "Writing a book a thousand miles away is just a wall. Why not let him be three feet?" The Great Wall of Wan Li is still there today, but I haven't seen Qin Shihuang. "The family read the letter, understood the truth, and immediately gave way to the ground to show that there is no dispute. The other party was ashamed to know about it and gave in to the ground. This is the origin of "Liuchi Lane".
……
"Beijing Daily" once published such a thing: a young man spit on the bus, and the female conductor asked him to wipe it off. Sorry, young man, I didn't wipe it. The female conductor gave him a step down and erased the dialogue with paper. Afterwards, the young man regretted it. He wrote a letter to the newspaper to apologize to the conductor. Look how well this girl has done! If she doesn't do this, but forces her to erase it, the result is not hard to imagine. Reasoning also makes people generous and tolerant, which has a great influence!
Thinking: The three examples listed in this article can be summarized as follows.
1、
2. Zhang Ying's "down to earth" affects her neighbors;
3、
Looking at the trend of test sites, the focus is not on the identification of argument types, but on the general analysis and supplementary writing of arguments. In particular, the curriculum standard requires "discovering the internal relationship between ideas and materials", and the key word is "discovery". Therefore, we should focus on strengthening in future reading.
Five, the specific role of the designated argument
Arguments are the soil on which arguments exist, and arguments without arguments are pale and powerless. A good argumentative essay must be solid and convincing.
Exodus 9: Success is not important. "Failure is the mother of success", "If success is not faced squarely, it may become the mother of failure". This is the words of a wise man and philosopher who hit the floor. Knowing the dialectical relationship between success and failure, we have no reason to be depressed because of failure, and there is no reason to be arrogant because of success. In the face of success, the most important thing to remind yourself is that you are neither arrogant nor impetuous when you win, nor humble or arrogant or depressed when you fail.
Excuse me, there are two famous sayings quoted in the article. Why can't one of them be deleted?
Whether arguments are redundant is judged by whether they are effective and help to prove arguments. Two famous sayings quoted in this paper discuss the relationship between failure and success from different angles. If one of them is deleted, the focus will shift and the dialectical relationship between success and failure cannot be fully expounded.
Example 10: Reading the example "Say" Joe "Thinking: Several factual arguments in this paragraph are illustrated from a new perspective rather than from a diligent perspective, so these examples are common, but they give people new ideas.
This question is an analysis of the role of the argument, that is, why do you want to give this example? We should always understand that arguments are used to demonstrate opinions. Some arguments have a common feature in proving their points: they are all stupid and clever. Make this clear and the problem will be solved. clumsy
Sixth, be good at judging the pros and cons of arguments.
Paying attention to the typicality of the article, being both literary and artistic, full of cultural connotation and flavor of the times, is the standard of perfect beauty of argumentative writing. However, the arguments of some articles can not meet this standard, and it is possible to have flawed arguments. In this regard, proposers often seize this "opportunity" to explore.
Example 10: read the following and briefly talk about your views on the materials used in the article.
At all times and in all countries, the brilliant literary picture is full of the word "love", but there is no lack of calmness and rationality.
Tao Yuanming's "Ask the monarch what he can, and his heart is far from self-centered" embodies a calm life choice; Fan Zhongyan's "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" shows the politician's deep sense of responsibility; Du Fu's thought of "living in the balcony, smiling at the poverty of the world, and being calm in the storm" broke free from and surpassed his own suffering, revealing the feelings of all beings; Mao Zedong's "Ask the boundless earth, who is in charge of ups and downs" is a great man's Hong Zhong noise about the history of this ruined land in China.
Duan * * * used four arguments to prove that brilliant literary scrolls are full of the word "emotion", but there are no lack of calm and rational arguments, which, on the surface, are credible and convincing. However, after careful scrutiny, we can easily find that the exclusion order of the arguments is wrong, and the two cases of "Fan Zhongyan" and Du Fu should be reversed. In addition, if the above mentioned "ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign" but the following examples are not foreign, it should be changed to "since ancient times" or "from ancient times to the present" to be consistent.
Comprehensive training
Example 1 1: Genius is extraordinary stupidity.
A dictionary about the size of a genius is similar to the release of meaning: a person with extraordinary intelligence. I don't know when it started, but I gradually questioned this statement and even got tired of it.
(2) Countless examples at all times and in all countries are almost at odds with the definition in the dictionary: Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica for 30 years, Tolstoy wrote War and Peace for 37 years, and the Goethe martyr returned to Zhen Shide for 60 years; Nobel failed to develop smokeless explosives, tried again and again, and it took eight years to produce results; In order to prove Goldbach's conjecture, Chen Jingrun dragged his sick body and worked hard under the oil lamp under pressure ... It was amazing.
(3) The above characters have made great contributions to the progress of human society. According to the usual understanding, they all have outstanding intelligence and are all geniuses. However, when I read them, I read their stupidity, not their cleverness. Writing a book, some of which took almost a lifetime, can you say that you are not stupid? Some people are crazy about their choices and have no idea that there are other lovely things in the world. Can they say that they are not stupid? Our world is rich and colorful, and there are countless beautiful things that life can enjoy. Many smart people have the conditions to enjoy. Unlike them, they are so confused that they give up the enjoyment that ordinary people should have and try their best to get it.
(4) Did these characters achieve outstanding success by being stupid or by being clever?
⑤ Edison, a genius inventor who won more than 1300 patents in his life, affirmed that genius is 1% inspiration and 99% sweat! Modern talented scientists have also noticed this problem. Their research results show that a person's professional knowledge or technology only plays a role of 15%, and other aspects play a role of 85%. These other aspects are related to "stupidity": such as persistence, sense of justice, sense of responsibility ... This conclusion also puts intelligence and wisdom in the second place.
From this point of view, the dictionary's definition of genius is somewhat biased. It is suggested that the definition of "genius" should be rewritten, and achievements beneficial to human beings should be emphasized as much as possible, the meaning of "stupidity" should be highlighted as much as possible, and the role of intelligence should be played down as much as possible.
1. Read the underlined part of paragraph ② and add two similar examples before the ellipsis.
2. After reading paragraph 5 of the article, what other aspects do you think are related to "stupidity"? Please write two kinds.
3. The fifth paragraph of the article quotes Edison's famous saying: "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% sweat". According to the author, "1%" means 99%.
. To mobilize your reading accumulation, please write another similar famous saying: