1, there are many different types of geographical areas, some are natural areas, such as the Pearl River Delta; Some are economic zones, such as industrial zones; Some are administrative districts, such as Xizang Autonomous Region. The same geographical area may have multiple identities at the same time.
2. According to the different geographical location, natural and human geographical features, China can be divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River are the dividing lines between the northern region and the southern region.
3. There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China. Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.
Comparison of differences between south and north of China:
Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project
1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.
The annual precipitation is small.
The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.
Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest
The river flow is small and large.
Farming system: one crop a year or three crops a year or two crops a year.
Cultivated upland paddy field
Cereal crops wheat and rice
Traditional means of transportation, carriages and boats
Traditional sports include skiing, skating, dragon boat racing and swimming.
4. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The eastern part is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature.
5. Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, and another obvious natural feature that comes with "high" is "cold".
6. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three rivers and three cows in Inner Mongolia, fine wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.
7. In addition to animal husbandry, people in northwest China also use river water and meltwater from alpine snow and ice to develop irrigated agriculture.
Chapter VI:
1. Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.
2. The urban pattern of the Forbidden City in Beijing is "convex", which is the representative work of the planning and construction of China's historical capitals.
There are countless places of interest in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site.
Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.
4. In order to enhance international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has intensified infrastructure construction, and planned and built key functional areas including the Central Business District and the International Media Avenue, as well as urban rapid rail transit and expressways; On the other hand, actively develop high-tech industries, improve urban management efficiency and service quality, and build a harmonious urban environment between people and the environment.
5. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.
6. Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. Our government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", and China's mainland implements the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Macao implement the capitalist system.
7. Hong Kong has a large population but a small population. "Going to heaven"-building tall buildings and "going to sea"-reclaiming land from the sea have become two important ways for Hong Kong to expand its urban construction land.
8. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.
9. For a long time, Hong Kong and Macau have maintained close economic ties with the mainland of China, especially Hong Kong. Mainland China is rich in natural and labor resources, and Hong Kong is rich in capital, technology, talents and management experience. The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.
10, entrepot trade refers to the form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are sold directly to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.
1 1. Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.
12, Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland". About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
13. Before the 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, exporting cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.
14, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in China. The mountains and basins in Xinjiang are distributed alternately, forming the topographical features of "three mountains and two basins". The majestic Tianshan Mountains span the central part of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.
15. There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the most important agricultural production base. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here, and cotton, sugar beet and various melons and fruits have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang Oasis. Karez is an ancient water diversion project, which has been used by oasis residents in Xinjiang for a long time.
16, the predicted oil and gas reserves in Xinjiang account for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China. With the gradual implementation of the national energy strategic decision of "stabilizing the east and vigorously developing the west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important oil and gas industrial base in China. The implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project will rapidly increase the local fiscal revenue and alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region.
Chapter 7:
1. The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, with convenient land and water transportation, and is known as the "South Gate" of China.
The Pearl River Delta region has formed a multi-level open system including special economic zones (Shenzhen and Zhuhai), coastal open cities (Guangzhou) and economic open areas (the whole Pearl River Delta).
2. Taking advantage of the superior conditions here, the Pearl River Delta has attracted a lot of overseas Chinese investment (the main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta is Hong Kong and Macao) and has become the frontier of China's opening up.
3. Since 1980s, the Pearl River Delta has taken advantage of its superior geographical position adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, accepted the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, introduced a large number of foreign capital, introduced advanced technology and equipment, management methods and the latest industrial and commercial science and technology information, established a large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises, and developed an export-oriented economy.
The products produced in the Pearl River Delta are mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.
5. The cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is based on "store in front and factory in back". Hong Kong uses the overseas trade window to conduct marketing and external sales, and plays the role of "shop". The Pearl River Delta region takes advantage of land, natural resources and labor force to process, manufacture and assemble products, and plays the role of "factory".
6. The development of processing and manufacturing industry in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of service industries such as catering, entertainment and transportation. These non-agricultural industries provide a large number of employment opportunities for local surplus labor and also absorb millions of foreign labor.
7. With the development of non-agricultural industries and the migration of population, more and more agricultural land in the Pearl River Delta has been transformed into industrial, transportation and urban construction land. These non-agricultural land is adjacent to the remaining agricultural land, forming a unique land use landscape with staggered distribution of residential land, industrial land, infrastructure land and agricultural land.
8. Xishuangbanna is the most intact place in China's pristine tropical rain forest except Hainan Province. The towering trees, huge packing, cruel strangled plants and majestic "single tree into forest" are all unique landscapes of the rainforest.
There are thousands of animals living in Xishuangbanna, including Asian elephants, green peacocks and other national key protected animals. People vividly call it "the kingdom of tropical animals".
10, Xishuangbanna is still a place where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, and the multi-ethnic customs with Dai as the main body have added infinite charm to Xishuangbanna.
Chapter VIII
1. The largest loess accumulation area in the world is the Loess Plateau, which is one of the areas with the most serious soil erosion in the world.
2. Soil erosion takes away the fertile soil on the surface and reduces the crop yield; Increase, expand and deepen the valley, thus reducing the cultivated land area; It also transported a lot of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which caused great difficulties in river regulation and flood control.
3. The loess plateau has a broken terrain and a relatively dry climate, which not only causes serious soil erosion, but also causes frequent natural disasters. Drought and flood disasters are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau, so the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau is very fragile.
4. In order to realize the sustainable development of social economy in the Loess Plateau, we must strengthen ecological construction and improve the environment. On the one hand, biological measures such as planting trees and grass should be combined with engineering measures such as terraced fields and earth dams to control soil erosion; On the other hand, reasonable arrangements should be made for production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reducing the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.
5. The area along the Yangtze River is a typical "banded" area, which is not only superior in geographical position, but also endowed with unique natural conditions, laying a solid foundation for the development of this area and being the center of national economic development.
6. The Yangtze River along the Yangtze River connects the economically developed coastal areas with the resource-rich western areas, forming an English letter "H" pattern, which is the link between the east and the west.
7. The area along the Yangtze River is an important agricultural area in China with a solid industrial base. At present, it has developed into one of the most dynamic high-tech industrial development zones in China. Through many north-south tributaries and traffic arteries, these economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, and make China's north-south economy integrate.
8. There are many cities along the Yangtze River, with dense towns in the middle and lower reaches and few cities in the upper reaches. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing are regional economic, cultural and transportation centers, which have a strong radiation and driving role in regional economic development. On the basis of these four megacities, four urban agglomerations centered on them have been formed respectively.
9. The Yangtze River is a highly developed comprehensive industrial zone in China. At present, four industrial bases have been formed from east to west. There are industrial bases such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles and textiles along the Yangtze River, which constitute the embryonic form of China's east-west "industrial corridor".
Politics:
First unit
1, China's national character (p4)
2. At present, the population in China includes (p4)
People are the masters of the country and society. (p4)
4. What is civil rights? What are the basic rights of citizens? (p5)
5. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? Who are our citizens? (Page 6)
6. How are the rights of China citizens guaranteed (p7)?
7. What are the basic rights of China citizens? (p9)
8. Should citizens exercise their rights correctly in this way? (p 10 - 1 1)
9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech (P 1 1 page)
10, citizens' obligations are divided into legal obligations and moral obligations. What is a legal obligation? What are the basic obligations of China citizens stipulated in the Constitution? (p 16)
1 1. What is moral obligation? What is the function of moral obligation? What are the basic moral standards that China citizens must abide by? (p 17)
12. Why do citizens have to fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? (Page 14- 15)
13. What is the relationship between China law and socialist morality? (p 19.d 1)
14, how to faithfully perform obligations?
We actively do what the law encourages us to do.
We must do it according to the requirements of the law.
We are determined not to do what is forbidden by law.
Second unit
1. What is the right of personality? (page 25)
Personality right is the right to be a man.
2. What does the personality right contain? What are their characteristics? (page 25)
3. What is the primary personality right? (p25d.2)
4. Characteristics of personality right (P24,25)
5. What does the right to personal freedom include? (page 26)
6. What are the special protections for minors in China's laws? (p26.d2)
7. What laws in China protect citizens' right to life and health? (page 27)
8. What laws specifically protect minors?
9. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (page 28)
10. What does the right to personal dignity include? (page 35)
1 1, meaning and expression of reputation right (P38)
12. What are the acts that infringe on the right of reputation? (Pages 38 and 39)
13. What is the right to portrait? (40 pages)
14. What are the representations of portraits? (Page 40).
15. What is the status of portraits? (40 pages)
16. What does the right to portrait include? (p4 1)
17. What are the violations of portrait rights? (p4 1.d2)
18. What is the right to name? (page 43)
19. What are the contents of a person's name? What is the status of names? (page 43)
20. What are the manifestations of infringement of the right to name? (44 pages)
2 1, the meaning of privacy (P46)
22. Importance (necessity) of privacy protection (pages 46 and 47)
23, the meaning of privacy (P48)
24. Privacy Content (p48-50)
25. How should we respect the privacy of others? (p5 1-52)
26. What are the violations of privacy? (p53)
27, the method of protecting their privacy (p55)
Third unit
1, the significance and function of education (p58-60)
Meaning: Education is a social activity that aims at promoting human development and social progress and cultivates people by imparting knowledge and experience.
Roles: Individual (P59) and Society (P60)
2. What is the right to education? (page 60)
The right to education means that citizens have the opportunity to receive national cultural education and the right to get material help from education.
3. What is compulsory education? What is its legal basis? (p6 1)
Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must accept according to law and is guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families.
People's Republic of China (PRC) Compulsory Education Law is the legal guarantee for the implementation of compulsory education in China.
4. What do you mean by "obligation" and "education" in compulsory education? (p6 1 related links)
"Obligation" refers to the obligations that the state, society, schools, families and school-age children and adolescents should follow and do according to the law. "Education" refers to school education.
5. What are the characteristics of compulsory education? (p6 1)
(1) Compulsory education is stipulated by the state, and the state guarantees its implementation. Reflected in both family and society.
(2) Popularization of compulsory education: It is stipulated that all children over the age of 6, regardless of gender, nationality or race, should attend school and receive compulsory education for a specified number of years.
(3) Compulsory education is free.
6. As a student who is receiving nine-year compulsory education, should he fulfill his obligation to receive education in this way? (page 64)
First, earnestly fulfill the obligation to enter school on time;
Second, earnestly fulfill the obligation to accept compulsory education for a specified number of years and not drop out of school;
Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation of observing discipline and law, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.
7. What are the types of property and what are the lawful properties of citizens? (Page 68-69)
Classification: state-owned, collective and individual-owned.
The lawful personal property of citizens includes: citizens' lawful income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, trees, livestock, means of production and other lawful property that citizens are allowed to own by law.
8. What is property ownership? (page 70)
Property ownership refers to the right of the owner to possess, use, benefit and dispose of his property according to law. It is the legal expression of who owns the property.
9. What means does China's state judicial organs use to protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property? (Page 72-73)
Protecting the ownership of citizens' legitimate property through civil legal means is the most common practice, often by ordering the infringer to restore the damaged property to its original state and compensate the victims for their economic losses.
Protecting the ownership of citizens' legitimate property through criminal legal means is the most severe and effective protection method. Criminals who violate property are usually sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty to protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property.
10. What channels can citizens ask the court to safeguard their legitimate property ownership? (Page 74, first paragraph)
What is a legacy? What conditions must be met as heredity? (page 76)
Personal legal property left by the decedent is called inheritance.
Three necessary conditions as an inheritance:
First, it must be the property left by citizens when they die;
Second, it must be the property owned by individual citizens;
Third, it must be legal property.
13, what are the decedent and heir? (Page 76-77)
The law calls the deceased who left the property an heir.
A person who inherits the estate of the deceased according to law is called an heir.
14. Heirs include those people. What is the scope of the heir? (page 77)
Heirs include: the decedent's spouse, children, parents (in the first order), brothers and sisters, grandparents and grandparents (in the second order).
The scope of heirs is established according to blood relationship, marriage relationship and dependency relationship.
What is the right of inheritance? (page 77)
Inheritance right refers to the right of heirs to obtain the decedent's estate according to law.
16. What is legal succession and how to divide the order of legal heirs? (Page 77-78)
Legal inheritance refers to the way of inheritance in which the scope and order of heirs are directly stipulated by law and the principle of inheritance share distribution is directly stipulated by law.
Heirs in the first order: spouse, children, parents; Heirs in second order: brothers and sisters, grandparents and grandparents.
17 What is testamentary succession? What are the advantages of testamentary succession? (page 78)
Testamentary succession refers to the way that heirs inherit the decedent's estate according to the will. Its greatest advantage is that the decedent can dispose of the property completely according to his own wishes. Testamentary succession takes precedence over legal succession.
What is a legacy? (page 79)
The law allows citizens to give their property to people other than the legal heirs after death without leaving it to their relatives. This behavior is called bequest. Legacy does not belong to testamentary succession.
19. What conditions must a valid will meet? (p79 related links)
The testator must have the ability to make a will, and his will must be true, the content of the will must be legal, the form of the will must be legal, and the testator must be one or more legal heirs.
20. What is intellectual achievement? (p8 1)
Refers to the labor achievements created by human mental labor, which are manifested as scientific and technological achievements, inventions and literary and artistic works.
2 1, what is the right to intellectual achievements? (page 82)
The right to intellectual achievements, that is, intellectual property rights. It is to confirm and protect the exclusive rights of "products" created by people (including citizens and legal persons) in the spiritual fields such as science, technology, literature and art, including copyright, patent right, trademark right and trade secret right.
22. What is the significance of protecting consumers' rights and interests? (page 89)
Protecting consumers' rights is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction, maintaining the normal order of society and enabling people to live a better life.
23. What laws specifically protect consumers' rights and interests in China? Which clearly stipulates what rights consumers enjoy? (9 items) (p9 1)