On may 7th 1957, a batch of cultural relics were dug up in the brick factory of an Tianqiao, and Shaanxi bopai people were notified by telephone to receive them. After several years of investigation, the original person in charge of the factory proved that there was no grave at all when pushing the earth; Shaanxi Provincial Department of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has not asked for the excavation report of Qiaoxi Han Tomb. Without scientific replacement and appraisal, the recipient published a report that the paper-making records of Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty were shaken under the pseudonym of Tian Ye in the Industrial and Commercial Economic News, which was unearthed more than ten days ago. Then, in the seventh issue of Cultural Relics Reference, the paper on the discovery of the Western Han Dynasty in Wenqiao, Shaanxi Province was published, and the unscientific hemp was regarded as the paper of the Western Han Dynasty subjectively and rashly. And claimed that this pile of paper overthrew Cai Lun's paper-making record. The paper historical records were written by Cai Lun, a constant servant of the loyal emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was obviously inconsistent with the facts, thus sowing the seeds of denying Cai Lun's biography at home and abroad.
Influenced by the Cultural Revolution, Biography of Cai Lun and its author Ye Fan were accused of distorting the facts, tampering with the text of Biography of Cai Lun in Dongguan Han Ji and using the word intentionally. Cai Lun was also described as a powerful senior eunuch, and a bureaucrat like Cai Lun would not engage in productive labor, thus shaking the traditional view that Cai Lun invented paper. In the period when the leftist trend of thought prevailed, the people in the archaeological field, the scholars in the historical field and the paper industry could only be chilling; The above-mentioned authors are regarded as experts in archaeology or scholars studying the history of natural science, and their arguments are almost conclusive. Paper is not Cai Lun's invention and the first theory. It was once written into dictionaries, textbooks and some history books.
Later, after investigation, the excavation of Baqiao Paper was announced, and Baqiao Paper was identified as non-paper by the Paper Research Department of the Ministry of Light Industry. 1987 held in September to commemorate the 882nd anniversary of Cai Lun's invention of papermaking1987 also solemnly pointed out that we should respect history, respect science and seek truth from facts. However, the original author Tian Ye, who caused the confusion of public opinion in the past 30 years, still complained everywhere. In view of this, with the concern of relevant departments, the author, based on the principle of respecting history, science and seeking truth from facts, discusses and analyzes with other authors around Cai Lun's biography and related records. The current collating draft of Biography of Cai Lun in the Later Han Dynasty is divided into five sections. In the first paragraph, 38 words introduce the origin, imperial palace and promotion; 4t described the cause of death in the eastern section. The first and second paragraphs are similar to general biographies, which simply explain the origin and destination. The longest third paragraph with four sentences of 7 1 is the core of the whole biography.
Since ancient times, many books and deeds have been written in bamboo slips, and people who use lies and silks call them paper. Expensive and simple, inconvenient for people. Lennart created this idea, using bark, hemp head, our cloth and fishing nets as paper. In the first year of Yuanxing, the emperor was good at talent, so he used it all the time, so the world is known as Cai Hou Paper.
The description of Cai Lun's first plant fiber paper in this paragraph is quite clear, which is hard to deny. Even if the word "creation" is deleted according to some authors' views, the significance of the invention is still vivid on the paper. Because the first two sentences have explained that plant fiber paper is unprecedented as a writing material, the latter sentence shows that this paper came out late. Today's comments are enough to register the invention patent right. This narrative reflects all three conditions required by the invention: initiative, advancement and practicality. Biography of Cai Lun sorts out the main deeds, posts and experiences of Cai Lun before and after he invented papermaking in two or four paragraphs, and expounds the cause and effect of Cai Lun's invention of papermaking in these two paragraphs, which makes this biographical article reasonable in structure, orderly in organization and rigorous in wording, and is a good biography of ancient scientists. Many authors have demonstrated the Biography of Cai Lun, proving that its content accords with history and science.
Cai Lun was in the People's Palace at the end of Yongping, and Xiaohuangmen was built in a middle school to serve the queen of the country. Dou Hou took Liang Guiren's youngest son Liu Zhao as his own son and murdered Liang Guiren and his family together with his younger brother Dou Xian. At the age of ten, he was appointed emperor with the title of the first year of Yongyuan. Cai Lun turned into a regular servant, that is, he Di's attendant, because he Di had no right, and the regular servant had no real power. At this time, Zheng Zhong is also an ordinary waiter. In the fourth year of Shui Yuan, under the conspiracy of Zheng Zhong and others, Emperor Wu captured Dou Xian and his henchmen in one fell swoop and gained real power. Whether Cai Lun participated in Zheng Zhong's conspiracy is not clearly recorded in the history books. But Zheng Zhong succeeded. After Cai Lun was promoted, Cai Lun was on the side of the emperor and Zheng Zhong. According to the Biography of Cai Lun in the later Han Dynasty, Cai Lun would support the elimination of consorts and play politics. Why did both the emperor and Zheng named Chang Qiu? Because Dou Taihou lived in Changqiu Palace, Dachangqiu was the manager of Changqiu Palace, which actually played a role in monitoring Dou Taihou and made Dou Taihou lose power. It was not until the death of Dou Taihou and the establishment of Deng as a supplement in the 14th year of Yongyuan that the regime was completely consolidated. That year, Zheng Zhong was appointed as a township official.
In the winter of the first year of Yuanxing, Emperor Liu Zhaodi died of illness, and the following year, Emperor Shang died at the age of 3. In the first year of the Reform Movement of 1898, the 28-year-old Queen Deng was in power, and she was in charge of state affairs, saying that the system had orders, and people needed torture and technology. So Thai people officially joined the plane.
The change of power after Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty caused changes in the imperial court and the palace pavilion. After Liu Zhao's death, Cai Lun no longer served as a constant servant, and he became a servant of Changle Palace to assist the Queen Mother. Changle's servants are different from those of foreign officials.
Cai Lun was convicted and executed by Andy's minions Wang Sheng and Li Jian. At that time, the victims were the families of Empress Deng and Yang Zhen, and Yang Zhen was famous for the story of Si Zhi. Cai Lun died as a prisoner of the imperial army, and his life and historical achievements can only be circulated among sympathizers. Thirty years later, Emperor Huan ordered the historians Cao Shou and Yan Dou to rehabilitate him, and his experience could be carried to the Eastern Han Dynasty and various historical books of the Eastern Han Dynasty. About 300 years later, when Ye Fan, a historian of the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty from various historical books, it may not be accurately designated as the second promotion time. And Cai Lun experienced five emperors, from entering the palace to death.
A 25-year history is a record of emperors as orthodoxy, imperial power as the center, emperors and princes, official titles and struggles for power and profits, which occupies a lot of space; History is created by the people, and there are still bureaucrats, nobles, royalty, national prestige, or martial arts, pleading for the people, defending the country, and being honest in politics; Or spread it by developing production, popularizing science, creating utensils, and being a good doctor and craftsman. Cai Lun is one of them. In feudal society, eunuchs were regarded as those who were punished and left behind. Except those who are not slaves, few descendants of bureaucrats and nobles will become eunuchs. Cai Lun's biography of unknown origin shows that he can only be a folk child. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were two thousand stone officials and three hundred households. If there is no great achievement, how can we pass it on? There are many records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that some people rushed back to Kyoto after their lives fell. Cai Lun's invention of papermaking is more important than his later years, and he can also teach papermaking in the fief, which is commemorated by the people. It's really commendable.
The first official in history was Zheng Zhong, who was the first to punish the conspiracy of the Dou Xian brothers. The second official is Cai Lun, who invented papermaking. The Emperor and Empress Deng still follow the principle of meritocracy of Emperor Gao. However, since Andi, the number of confidants was abused, which made the number of * * * officials in the later Han Dynasty reach 10, leaving a bad impression and record on future generations and historians, thus affecting the image of Cai Lun, which is inseparable. According to statistics, 877 people were appointed as various liehou in the later Han Dynasty, and 37 of the 60 officials and old houhou were found, with an average of 4,630 households, much higher than 300 households, of which at least 10 people were appointed as 300 households. During the Qing Dynasty, Wan Sitong wrote a waiting list of officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which included 36 people. There are 9 biographies of officials in the later Han Dynasty, including Cai Lun. It shows that the standard of biography is merit, not high officials, and the contribution of biography to Cai Lun lies in papermaking.
In September of the seventh year of Yongyuan, an earthquake occurred in Kyoto. Confucianism says that cabinet officials are not Shi Yang, and women are still Jews. At that time, the emperor and China people had been waiting for Zheng Zhong to seize the right of Dou's family, and they were appointed because of his virtue. Thanks to his frequent service to Cai Lun, they began to use the right together.
It is absurd to associate the earthquake with the emperor's reuse of Zheng Zhong and Cai Lun. Officials, like ordinary people, are divided into good and hard work, virtuous and unscrupulous. Cai Lun's biography praised his talent, diligence, severity, success and failure, and truthfully wrote Cai Lun's honest, earnest, sincere and cautious character, which is also a common quality of many inventors in history. Some people think that every time Cai Lun goes to rest, he has the potential quality of being a group but not a party member. As a eunuch, Cai Lun made great achievements in the invention of paper under the heavy mental pressure of secular prejudice and Confucian discrimination.
As soon as Cai Lun successfully invented papermaking, Liu Zhao, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, died. 28-year-old Deng ascended the throne of power. She met some civil servants and Confucianists, and some officials openly opposed her. Cai Lun became a loyal supporter of Queen Deng. Conspiracy with He Shu to usurp power, trying to close the palace gate, punish Cai Lun and abolish Queen Deng. There was an attempted coup, and Sikong Zhang Zhou committed suicide. After that, he refused to admit that he was ill. After Dugan wrote to force Deng to withdraw, Ma Rong made an allegory for the article, and Deng did not give in. Cai Lun also truthfully played He Chang's fraud. Deng Hou knows how to be polite, has both ability and political integrity, is frugal and simple, and is polite to corporal. During her reign, she organized scholars to revise classics and compile biographies of famous ministers since Jianwu. Ordered to commend Wang Huan, the Luoyang Order who served the public and benefited the people; Accepting Fan Long's words, he quoted Fang Zhengdun Park Renxian's words many times and learned to give the poor the commons. Accept yu zhang's words, and distribute the vacant land around Guangcheng and Shanglinyuan to the poor for farming. Taking the heavy punishment of foreign powers in history as a lesson, Deng Hou Rong's brother abdicated and returned to his hometown. After Deng could rule out the courtiers' discrimination against eunuchs, he named Cai Lun Hou and valued Cai Lun's achievements.
After the death of Empress Deng, Andi listened to rumors and killed Cai Lun, Empress Deng and many others. In the memorial hall: Andy murdered the minister and the wife of the supreme clan.
Five Elements: Andy couldn't see clearly, but believed the slanderers of the Imperial Palace and the Virgin Mary, and ruined the home of Empress Dowager Deng, which showed that the Cai Lun wind was unjust.
To be humiliated is to wear clothes, take a bath and drink medicine to death. Later generations rated it as important for integrity, strong self-esteem, and would rather die than be humiliated. Cai Lun's participation in school biographies is bound to know the historical figures in Historical Records and Hanshu. Now, Feng Quji and Feng robbed the prison to commit suicide, Li Guang was ashamed to support the sword and pencil, and Zhou Yafu, Wang Jia, Zhu Jian, Gai Ke and Xiao were ashamed of the jailer, so the death was self-evident. As a result, the paper inventor died calmly and heroically, and the last paragraph of "The Biography of Cai Lun in the Later Han Dynasty" was praised or derogated; The papermaking he left behind spread in all directions, and his achievements were evaluated by later generations.
Relevant state leaders and representatives from all walks of life, based on history and taking science as the criterion, fully evaluated Cai Lun's achievements, which were recognized by the masses and reported by domestic and foreign newspapers. In the face of conclusive scientific appraisal and shocking historical facts, how can we accuse the on-site leaders who threatened to sow seeds and overthrow Cai Lun's paper-making records? The historical fact of scientific appraisal, Biography of Cai Lun, the only inventor in four great inventions of ancient china who can be recorded in the official history, is only 280 words, which clearly describes Cai Lun's pioneering plant fiber paper and its internal and external consequences, and makes Cai Lun's contribution to papermaking recognized at all times and in all countries. Cai Lun contributed to papermaking, one of the four great inventions in China, and was a great inventor of papermaking. Cai Lun's achievements have been evaluated by history and recorded in glorious history books.