Compared with the traditional extraction separation method, SFE has the greatest advantage that compounds with different polarities and boiling points can be extracted and separated at near normal temperature and pressure, and almost all the effective components in the product are retained, and there is no residual organic solvent; High product purity, high yield, simple operation and energy saving; The solubility and selectivity of the preparation can be changed by changing the extraction pressure, temperature or adding appropriate entrainer.
The extraction and separation of traditional Chinese medicine components by SFE has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad and has been widely studied. The comparison between supercritical CO2 fluid extraction and gasoline or ethanol extraction showed that supercritical CO2 fluid extraction had the advantages of high extraction rate and short extraction time. Some scholars also reported that the volatile oil of Bupleurum chinense was extracted from Bupleurum chinense by supercritical CO2, and shikonin and its derivatives were extracted from Arnebia euchroma in Xinjiang by SEF-CO2.
SFE has many advantages in extracting and separating effective groups and components of traditional Chinese medicine, but it is rarely used in practice and needs to be further applied and popularized in production. Membrane separation technology: contact out technology is a separation technology developed in recent decades. The basic principle of separation is to use the molecular weight difference of chemical components to achieve the purpose of separation. In the application of traditional Chinese medicine, bacteria, particles and macromolecular impurities (colloid, tannin, protein and polysaccharide) are mainly filtered out or decolorized. Compared with the traditional alcohol precipitation process, this process saves many procedures in the process of alcohol precipitation, achieves the purpose of impurity removal, and still maintains the characteristics of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine decoction and compound prescription, such as easy drying of paste, small hygroscopicity, less addition of auxiliary materials, saving a lot of ethanol and corresponding recovery equipment, shortening the production cycle, reducing procedures and personnel, and saving heat energy. Ultra-fine grinding technology; Ultra-fine pulverization technology is to use ultrasonic pulverization and ultra-low temperature pulverization technology to make the central particle size of medicinal materials below 5 ~ 10 micron, and the cell wall breaking rate reaches 95%. Effective components are easy to be extracted and directly absorbed by human body. The application of this new technology is not only suitable for all kinds of medicinal materials with different textures, but also can directly expose the effective components, thus making the dissolution and action of pharmaceutical components more rapid and complete. The dissolution rate of effective components in traditional Chinese medicine is related to the degree of drug crushing. The dissolution test of Panax notoginseng with different crushing degrees in vitro was carried out. The results showed that the dissolution amount of Panax Notoginseng and total saponins of Panax Notoginseng at 45min were in the order of micropowder > fine powder > coarse powder > granules.
The research and development of ultrafine grinding of traditional Chinese medicine has just started, and it is often used to grind some traditional precious traditional Chinese medicines with unique functions, such as American ginseng and pearls. The utilization rate of these nourishing and health-care Chinese medicines can be greatly improved after ultrafine grinding. Separation technology of traditional Chinese medicine: Libo separation technology is to add coagulant and precipitant to the suspended extract of traditional Chinese medicine to adsorb the suspended substances in the solution, thus improving the clarity and quality of the product. For example, using chitosan as raw material and flocculating precipitant to prepare salvia miltiorrhiza. The liquid extraction experiment shows that the flocculation method is better than the water extraction and alcohol precipitation method in terms of the stability and economic index of protocatechuic aldehyde. The water extract of cistanche deserticola was treated by flocculation method, and compared with alcohol extraction method. The results showed that flocculation method kept the index components well. Semi-bionic extraction method: 1995 Zhang Zhaowang and others put forward a new concept of "semi-bionic extraction method" for traditional Chinese medicine extraction. That is, from the perspective of biopharmaceutics, the whole drug research method is combined with the molecular drug research method to simulate the environment of drug transport through the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, which provides a new extraction process for traditional Chinese medicine preparations and rice administered through the digestive tract. That is to say, the medicinal materials are first extracted with acid water with a certain PH value, and then extracted with alkaline water with a certain PH value. The optimum pH value of the extracted water and the selection of other technological parameters can be optimized by combining one or more effective components with the main pharmacological action indexes and adopting the proportional segmentation method. With paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetinic acid as indicators, the semi-bionic extraction method of Shaogan Zhitong Granules is better than the traditional decoction method, with berberine, baicalin and Gardenia as indicators. Four extraction methods of Hantongdingpao Tengchong agent were investigated. Results semi-bionic extraction > semi-bionic extraction and alcohol precipitation > water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Ultrasonic extraction: Ultrasonic extraction is an extraction method applied to the extraction and separation of effective components of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years. Its principle is mainly to use ultrasonic wave to increase the movement frequency and speed of substance molecules, increase the penetration of solvents, improve the dissolution speed and times of drugs and shorten the extraction time. Compared with conventional extraction methods (decocting method, water boiling, distillation, osmotic disease, etc.),) has the advantages of short extraction time (< 30min), high extraction rate (increased by 2-3 times), and low-temperature extraction is beneficial to the protection of effective components. For example, the experimental study on improving the yield of diosgenin by ultrasonic wave shows that the ultrasonic extraction process can save 27% of the original medicinal materials compared with the reflux extraction process. Compared with conventional decocting method, ultrasonic extraction of baicalin from Huanglaobao does not need heating, which shortens the extraction time and improves the extraction rate. Cyclone extraction method: this method adopts PT- 1 tissue mixer, and the stirring speed is 8000 r/min. Raw materials do not need to be crushed in advance. The extraction water temperature is 20℃ and 65438 000℃ respectively, and the treatment time is 20-30 minutes. Calendula was extracted by cyclone method (8000 r/min), and the flavonoids, saponins and organic acids in the extract were analyzed, which showed that the cyclone method had high extraction efficiency. Pressurized countercurrent extraction method: this method is a method that several extraction devices are connected, and the solvent and medicinal materials pass through countercurrent and keep in contact for a certain time. This method can increase the extraction concentration of Rabdosia rubescens by 19 times, and reduce the solvent consumption and heat energy consumption by 40% and 57% respectively. Enzymatic method: Enzyme engineering technology is a biotechnology applied to Chinese medicine industry in recent years. Chinese herbal medicine has complex components, including effective components and non-effective components such as protein, pectin, starch and plant fiber. On the one hand, these components affect the leaching of active components in plant cells, on the other hand, they also affect the clarity of liquid preparations of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional extraction methods (such as decoction, organic solvent extraction, alcohol treatment, etc.) have high extraction temperature, low extraction rate, high cost and insecurity. However, the selective extraction of effective components can be accelerated by gently decomposing plant tissues due to the reaction with appropriate enzymes. Choosing appropriate enzymes can decompose and remove impurities that affect the preparation of wave, such as starch, protein, pectin, etc. It can also promote the transfer of some fat-soluble components with low polarity to water-soluble glycosides, which is beneficial to extraction. This is a promising new technology, which is completely suitable for industrial production. In China, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Factory successfully prepared Shengmaiyin oral liquid by enzymatic method. Macroporous resin adsorption method; Macroporous resin is a kind of organic polymer adsorbent developed in modern times, which has been applied to the extraction and separation of Chinese herbal medicine components since the late 1970s. Commonly used macroporous resins are: D- 10 1, D-20 1, MD-0527 1, GDX- 105, CAD-40, etc. Its characteristics are large adsorption capacity, simple regeneration and reliable effect. As a separation method, macroporous resin adsorption separation technology is widely used in the production of traditional Chinese medicine. Ginkgo biloba leaves were extracted by macroporous resin adsorption method, and the content of ginkgo flavone in the extract was stable above 26%. Macroporous resin was used to determine the total saponins of Panax Notoginseng and its preparation Guanxinning. The results show that D- 10 1 type adsorption resin can not only quickly adsorb and desorb Panax notoginseng and ginsenoside in aqueous solution, but also has considerable adsorption capacity. This method is simple and effective, and has certain value for high purity purification of plant saponins. Ultrafiltration: Ultrafiltration technology is a porous semi-permeable membrane-ultrafiltration membrane developed in 1960s. As a separation medium, waist separation technology has the function of separating molecules with different molecular weights. Its characteristics are: large effective membrane area, fast filtration speed, no surface concentration polarization, no phase change, low temperature operation is not easy to destroy effective components, low energy consumption and so on. In recent years, Chinese physicians have applied it to the clarification and separation of traditional Chinese medicine extract with good results, and it can be combined with other separation methods such as high-speed and high-concentration method and alcohol treatment to clarify, separate, extract and concentrate traditional Chinese medicine liquid preparations. It can also be used for sterilization and pyrogen removal. At present, the application of this technology in the production of traditional Chinese medicine has just started, and there are many experimental studies. It needs to be further improved in terms of large-scale production, equipment utilization rate and industrial artistic conditions. Molecular distillation technology. This technology is also a kind of high technology. In the separation process, the materials are in a high vacuum and relatively low temperature environment, with short residence time and small loss, so molecular distillation technology is especially suitable for materials with high boiling point and low heat sensitivity, especially volatile oils, such as rose oil and agastache oil. This technology is in the initial stage in China, but its popularization and application will be accelerated with the localization of molecular distillation unit. 3. Prospect of extraction and separation methods Today, the upsurge of returning to nature has swept the world, and natural medicines have been paid attention to in treatment and health care, which has brought new opportunities for the new research and development of traditional Chinese medicine. China is gradually implementing the modernization measures of traditional Chinese medicine, and the research and application of extraction and separation methods of effective groups and components of traditional Chinese medicine is also an indispensable link in the modernization process of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Therefore, the introduction of new extraction and separation technology in the pharmaceutical industry of traditional Chinese medicine will help to improve the shortcomings of traditional extraction and separation methods, and relatively maintain the natural composition of effective groups inherent in the original organism, thus improving the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine and solving the root causes of good curative effect in early research and poor curative effect in later industrial production. At the same time, with the development of science and technology, high-tech extraction and separation technology is often used to extract traditional Chinese medicine, through organic combination. In addition, the research of traditional Chinese medicine is inseparable from the extraction and separation technology. Extraction and separation technology plays a vital role in the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, accelerating the research of new extraction and separation methods is to accelerate the pace of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.