Berne New Town is on the right bank, and the old town is on the left bank, which is connected by seven bridges. The residents mainly speak German. Bern covers an area of more than 230 square kilometers (including suburbs), with an urban population of 1.24 million and an altitude of 550 meters. Bern established a military fortress at 1 19 1. 12 18 became an independent city-state, 1339 gained independence from German rule, and 1353 joined the Swiss Confederation. From 1848, it is the capital of Switzerland, also known as "Federal City". Industry includes motor, precision machine, textile, chemistry, pharmacy, food, printing and other departments. It is famous for operating clocks and watches, and the "capital of clocks and watches" is famous all over the world. Bern has gathered more than 80 foreign embassies in Switzerland, and many international organizations have also settled here.
For example, the Universal Postal Union, the General Administration of International Railway Transport and the International Copyright Union are all located here. 30% of Bern's urban area is forests and parks. Berne municipal authorities have very strict control over new urban construction projects and have formulated relevant laws. For example, new buildings are not allowed in the old city, but only office buildings, living service facilities and houses can be built in the new city. The height of the building is also limited, which requires the architectural style and style to be coordinated with the original building. The municipal government of Bern attaches great importance to developing national traditions and styles in urban construction. The old city still retains the architectural features of the Middle Ages, and has been listed in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. In Bern, there are all kinds of fountains, arcade walkways and towering towers. The square in front of Berne City Hall is the best preserved medieval square until June 5438+ 10, 2009. Among many monuments in Bern, the bell tower and cathedral are unique. Built in12nd century, the bell tower has a wooden structure and faces the city. 1405 was destroyed by fire and rebuilt with stones.
Bern, the capital of Switzerland, is a quiet and peaceful pocket city. Bern means "bear" in German. It turned out that the founder of Bern had a whim one day and decided to go hunting outside the city and named the city after the first beast he hunted. The first thing he hunted in the neighboring forest was a bear, hence the name "Bear City". The bell tower was built in 12 century. There are four ancient paintings dyed with smoky gray under the tower, depicting the scene of nobles hunting black bears and building cities. The bear symbolizing Bern is kept in the park in winter in the old city. The national flag is embroidered with a stout black bear, which looks solemn and playful, and complements the Swiss national flag with a red background and a white fork beside it. The old city is surprisingly quiet, and the river at the foot of the city is even quieter. Both inside and outside the city are in the embrace of nature. The ancient city of Bern is one of the world cultural heritages.
Bern was founded in the12nd century, and it has a history of 800 years since it was built in the18th century to the scale we saw.
Switzerland had no fixed capital for a long time in the past. 1On October 28th, Bern was designated as the federal capital of Switzerland and became the seat of the federal government and the national political and diplomatic center. The federal government and the federal parliament are located in the copper-green federal building on the north bank of the Aer River, which is a group of large-scale palace-style buildings made of granite, built from 1852 to 1857. The left and right wings of the building are the office buildings of the federal ministries, and under the middle dome are the conference halls of the two houses of the federal parliament. The building 1894- 1902 was expanded, and 1993 was renovated again, adding electronic voting devices.
Due to public opposition to noise and terrain, Bern has not built a large airport, but only a small airport with flights to major cities in Western Europe. Bern has expressways leading to all parts of the country and is also one of the national railway hubs.
After World War II, Bern was mainly an administrative and financial center, but it was also a cultural and tourist city. The University of Bern is one of the oldest universities in this city, which was founded in 1834 and is famous for studying cosmic rays. In addition, there are many different types of museums, such as history, natural history, art and weapons. Bern is also home to the Universal Postal Union and the General Administration of International Railway Transport.
Historically, many revolutionary activists lived in Bern. Engels went to Bern in the autumn of 1848 to guide the Swiss workers' movement. Lenin also stopped at Zimmerwald and Kuntar near Bern from September 19 14 to early 19 16, and wrote many articles exposing the second international opportunist traitor. Einstein, a famous physicist, studied physics in his spare time while working in the Berne Federal Patent Office, and published Berne's proud masterpiece Relativity, which still retains Einstein's residence (now it has been turned into a museum).
Bern is located in the western part of the central part of Swiss territory. The federal constitution 1848 is the capital of Switzerland, also known as the "federal city" and the capital of bern state. It covers an area of more than 230 square kilometers (including suburbs), with an urban population of 1.24 million and an altitude of 550 meters. It is located at a natural bend of the Allen River, a tributary of the Rhine River. The swift river surrounds the old town of Bern from three sides, forming a peninsula. Legend has it that in order to name the city, the then ruler Duke Zalingen decided to go out hunting. "Bear" naturally became the emblem of Bern, and then became the symbol of bern state. Some ancient buildings in Bern still have sculptures of bears. There is also a bear park near the Niederger Bridge on the east bank of the Aer River, where some bears are fed for tourists to watch.
The old town of Bern was originally a wooden building. Several fires in the Middle Ages destroyed all the wooden buildings. Later, it was rebuilt and changed into a stone structure, which has been well preserved so far. Bright streets paved with huge stones, arcades connected with each other on both sides of the street, ancient houses with red tiles and white walls, fountains with colorful columns in the center of the street with allusions, bell towers in the16th century, Gothic cathedrals built in 142 1 year and so on. It makes the old city of Bern look antique and full of medieval mystery. Therefore, the old town of Bern is listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. 1983 is listed in the World Heritage List according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(III). Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee: The ancient city of Bern was built on a hill surrounded by the Aare River in the12nd century, and became the capital of Switzerland in 1848. From the architecture of the ancient city of Bern, we can see the historical changes. The ancient city retains the elegant arched corridors and fountains of the16th century. The main building of this medieval town was rebuilt in18th century, and its original historical features were preserved. Strolling through the old town of Bern, historic sites can be seen everywhere. Especially on the several kilometers long road from the railway station to Xiongyuan, the historical sites that attract tourists are the most spectacular. Go along Zhengyi Street, cross the bridge at the bend of the Aale River, and you will reach the oldest area in Bern. The statue of Duke Zalingen, the founder of Bern, stands in the Nedag Church in the14th century. The bronze relief depicting the story of Jesus on the gate has been preserved to this day.
Berne Cathedral, located on the banks of the arles River, is a typical Gothic building with a magnificent shape. 142 1 started construction, which took more than a century to complete. The main hall was built around 150. At the end of 19, a steeple was built on the top of the church, which was as high as 100 meters, making it the tallest church in Switzerland. 16 1 1 year, a big clock weighing 10 ton was cast in the church. This big clock has traditional characteristics and is very loud. It is still the largest clock in Switzerland. The greatest work of art in this church is the relief "The Last Judgment" created by Master ERHART KUENG at the end of 15. /kloc-the painted glass statues in the church in the 0/5th century also have high artistic value. At regular concerts and Christmas, you can hear the wonderful music played by18th century organ. Climb up the second floor of the tower along the spiral staircase of 254 steps, and you can have a bird's eye view of Bern from the observation deck. Every Christmas Eve, there will be a Christmas market in the square of the church, and the first Saturday of every month is the handicraft market. From the cathedral to the southwest, there is a federal palace with a copper-green roof. This is a group of large-scale palace-style buildings built of granite, which was built in 1852- 1857. Both the federal government and the federal parliament are located in this building. There are many precious palace murals, sculptures reflecting the history of the Federation and rare treasures in the Federal Palace. There are free tour guides for tourists every day except during holidays and parliamentary meetings. The open space in front of the Federal Palace is called Federal Square. It is a parking lot, a vegetable market and a place where people gather or protest. On Tuesdays and Saturdays, vendors set up tents and stalls in the square early in the morning. Vegetables, fruits, flowers and snacks are crowded, full of vitality and peace. There are many scenic spots with high historical and cultural value in the old city. For example, in the underground passage of Berne Railway Station, the ruins of Berne fortifications 600 years ago are displayed, and pedestrians can watch them at any time when they enter and leave the station. Diagonally opposite the railway station, there is a Christian church, which was built at 1720. It is said that it is the most important religious building in Baroque style in Switzerland. Berne Museum of History is a Gothic building in the16th century, with tall bronze sculptures and classical fountains and pools in front. Moreover, the museum itself is a work of art, and there is the Berne Museum of Fine Arts, which has a large collection of works by the famous Berne painter paul klee. "Swiss Alpine Museum" showing skiing knowledge; Swiss Museum of Posts and Telecommunications, known as a paradise for philatelists; Berne Museum of Natural History, which ranks among the best in Europe; "Berne Weapons Museum" and so on. Bern has a world-famous arcade. Among them, the section from Hospital Street in front of the train station to the ancient bell tower in Cramer Street is the most wonderful. The arcade has a unique structure and is a typical medieval building. There is a service road in front of the ground floor of the building along the street, and the top of the service road extends outward to form a corridor. The street side of the corridor is supported by arch columns, and the two columns are like wide arches. Cloisters are connected, arches are connected, and they are long and tortuous, forming an arcade. This architectural style is a cultural feature of the Middle Ages. In the old city, this kind of arcade is always seven or eight kilometers. Today's arcade is crowded with shopping centers, fashion shops, jewelry stores, antique shops, watch shops, handicraft shops, dessert shops, chocolate shops, coffee shops and restaurants. Shops on the streets such as Market Street and Hospital Street are all the latest luxury fashions and modern ornaments. Milan's avant-garde fashion is staged in aristocratic street and church street in turn; There are many kinds of goods in grocery street, post office street and justice street, and the services of every family are meticulous and thoughtful.
Go east along the arcade to Market Street, and you will see a prison tower built 300 years ago. At that time, the prison tower was also a watchtower, and now it is the seat of Bern Tourism Consulting Center. Barron Square in front of the prison tower has an open-air restaurant and a chess teahouse. A large chessboard is painted on the ground, and the players are carrying extra-large pieces and walking back and forth to play chess, which has become a scene on the streets of Bern. Continue eastward to Cramer Street, which is the world-famous ancient bell tower. At that time, when the clock struck on time, a small robot covered with gold would open the door under the huge clock plate and beat the clock's head with a hammer to tell the time. At the same time, an "old man of time" waved his pipa, a rooster crowed and flapped its wings, and a pair of little bears flew by like lanterns. The whole performance was extremely exciting and interesting. The parts of this clock were made in Switzerland in the16th century, and have been well maintained and running without error. The ancient bell tower is not only a symbol of scientific and technological development, but also a symbol of Swiss watch industry and Swiss culture and art. For hundreds of years, how many people it has received and how many people it has taken photos with cannot be counted. Walk through the old city and come to the rose garden on the high slope to the east of Xiongyuan. There are all kinds of precious roses in the garden, and the variety is extremely complete. The rose garden is the pride of Bern. Looking at Bern from the rose garden, you can see the old city. Gothic architecture is patchwork, houses and streets are arranged up and down, and buildings are hidden in the shade. The whole city is like a three-dimensional garden. Choose a seat at the outdoor table in front of the Garden Cafe, have a Swiss ice cream or a small cup of espresso, and taste the old town of Bern. On both sides of Noble Street are the most luxurious mansions in Bern. It is said that there are moving ghosts in one of the mansions, and they often move furniture at night.