The current difficulties and policy suggestions faced by the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in my country
Abstract: This article analyzes the great significance of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in my country. In the face of world economic integration and my country's imminent entry into the WTO , the problems faced by small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of understanding, internal operations, social environment, macro policies and management, and accordingly put forward a series of targeted policy measures and suggestions.
Keywords: Innovation of internal mechanisms of macro-policies for small and medium-sized enterprises
The "Directives of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in the Reform and Development of State-owned Enterprises" adopted by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee The Decision pointed out: "It is necessary to actively support small and medium-sized enterprises so that they can develop in a professional, refined, special and new direction, establish close collaborative relationships with large enterprises, and improve the level of socialization of production. We must proceed from reality and continue to adopt reorganization, Various forms such as alliances, mergers, leasing, contracting operations, and joint-stock cooperative sales should be liberalized to revitalize state-owned small enterprises without adopting a single model. According to statistics, my country's small and medium-sized enterprises are diverse and wide-ranging, and they are an important part of the national economy. At present, there are more than 10 million small and medium-sized enterprises registered in my country's industrial and commercial departments, accounting for 99% of the total number of enterprises in the country. The jobs provided by small and medium-sized enterprises account for about 60% and 40% of the national industrial output and profits and taxes respectively, and account for 75% of the total urban employment in the country. . The famous economist Wu Jinglian pointed out at the 1999 China Economic Development Advanced Seminar that the development status of small and medium-sized enterprises not only directly determines whether we will be better off in the future, but also is the key to whether our economy can maintain a stable growth trend in the future. Small and medium-sized enterprises Enterprises will be one of the important factors that determine China's future. Therefore, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises must be taken seriously from the perspective of national decision-making.
1. The importance of developing small and medium-sized enterprises
Reform and Opening 20. In recent years, small and medium-sized enterprises have developed vigorously. They play a very important role in the economy and society. They are an important growth point in the development of the national economy. In recent years, small and medium-sized enterprises have accounted for about 150 billion US dollars in annual export trade. to 60. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises will play an important role in promoting the development of our country's national economy and ensuring the realization of economic growth goals. According to statistics, during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" to the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the GDP of my country's industrial enterprises increased. The growth rate of large enterprises is 5-8, while the growth rate of small and medium-sized enterprises during the same period is more than 30.
The healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises can be effectively carried out. To alleviate the current employment pressure and meet the needs of labor force employment. In the two decades since the reform and opening up, my country's non-agricultural sector has created 248 million jobs. According to estimates, my country's large and medium-sized enterprises have created 248 million jobs. The ratio of the capital organic composition of small and medium-sized enterprises is: 1.83:1.23:1. Since the capital organic composition of small and medium-sized enterprises is low, the number of employees that the unit funds can accommodate is more. However, our country currently has a large surplus of labor, so it is appropriate to maintain a relatively large number of employees. A low organic composition of capital is beneficial to increasing employment, easing employment pressure and making full use of existing resources to reduce product costs. Currently, the number of jobs in the industrial sector is about 150 million, of which 110 million are employed in small and medium-sized enterprises, accounting for 73%. Township enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, have absorbed 130 million rural surplus labor. Our country is in a period of industrial structural adjustment. The labor force is transferring from rural to non-agricultural industries. The structural adjustment of resource industries, textile industry and military-to-civilian industry has increased employment. pressure. Faced with such employment pressure, there is no doubt that small and medium-sized enterprises must be developed.
To realize the last two steps of my country's three-step economic development strategy, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises is crucial. my country's industrialization process is short and the market economy has just started. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises has theoretical and practical significance for us to explore the laws of the socialist market economy. Practically speaking, my country's county-level economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises is of practical significance for solving grassroots finances, accumulating funds, and revitalizing economic development.
2. Practical problems faced by the development of small and medium-sized enterprises
Although small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly in recent years, they also face many difficulties that need to be solved urgently.
1． External factors that hinder the development of small and medium-sized enterprises
First, the system is not smooth and the social service system lags behind. At present, our country's enterprises still belong to different departments according to their original ownership, departments and regions. There are many mothers-in-law, overlapping functions and multiple managements, resulting in chaotic management and inconsistent management, making small and medium-sized enterprises at a loss. Unclear responsibilities in project approval, product identification, professional title assessment, etc. This situation of repeated "management" by multiple parties has also caused the phenomenon of "three chaos" to be extremely prominent, objectively increasing the burden on enterprises. However, small and medium-sized enterprises are weak and need various services from the society. Many foreign countries, such as Britain, Italy, and Japan, have established special social intermediary organizations to serve small and medium-sized enterprises in product development, market positioning, consulting, and technical services. However, my country's current system for serving small and medium-sized enterprises is extremely imperfect.
Second, there is a lack of necessary policy support and a regulated market. An important feature of my country's economic policies is that they are formulated based on economic types and industries, rather than on the different industry characteristics of different enterprise sizes. Therefore, the government's policies are obviously biased towards large enterprises, but there has been no systematic support for small and medium-sized enterprises. In terms of taxation (state-owned enterprises pay first and then get refund, small and medium-sized enterprises do not have such preferential treatment), small and medium-sized enterprises, especially private enterprises, are often small taxpayers, and it is difficult to mortgage VAT invoices. On land, state-owned enterprises enjoy land use rights transfer fees and value-added tax exemption policies. For enterprises to develop, funds are crucial, and there are currently no financial institutions in my country that specifically provide loans to small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition, after the reform of the commercial bank system, the rights have been decentralized. Grassroots banks that lend to small and medium-sized enterprises have responsibilities but not power. After the implementation of asset-liability ratio management, the "deposit and loan ratio" is issued step by step, which reduces the already small number of loans. Even more pitiful is the widening gap in loan supply. Moreover, since many small and medium-sized enterprises do not have asset collateral, it is difficult to guarantee loans.
Third, property rights are unclear and development lacks motivation. Due to the above-mentioned unsatisfactory system, unfair policies and industry restrictions, individual and private enterprises wearing "red hats" (collectives, township enterprises) and "foreign coats" (foreign capital) came into being. Due to unclear property rights, some small and medium-sized enterprises are unwilling to develop and grow. Enterprise development lacks due motivation, and enterprise development is subject to artificial restrictions.
2． Obstacles of small and medium-sized enterprises themselves
First, the operating mechanism and organizational system do not meet the needs of economic development. In particular, many private enterprises have imperfect organizational structures and chaotic management. In the process of reform of small and medium-sized enterprises, due to irregularities and incomplete reforms, many enterprises did not truly operate in accordance with the requirements of the modern enterprise system, and the reform went out of shape. Many restructured enterprises have not really established standardized legal person governance institutions after restructuring, and the business management mechanism has not changed substantially. It is difficult for the "Board of Directors" and "Board of Supervisors" to truly operate.
Second, the low quality of operators and low management level are key issues that restrict the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. There is a severe shortage of management talents in small and medium-sized enterprises in our country. There are 10.46 people with a college degree or above per million employees in large enterprises, and 2.96 in small enterprises. There is an even greater shortage of professional talents in small and medium-sized enterprises. There are many shortcomings in the current selection and employment mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises and the lack of government supervision. Due to the lack of an effective internal democratic system and other reasons, it is not uncommon for operators with low cultural level, low management level, and low ideological quality in small and medium-sized enterprises to have chaotic management, no management system, and no quotas for labor and material consumption. There are "four nothings" such as no cost accounting. There is a large number of "family-style" management in management, and the lack of necessary scientific decisions on production and products has increased the production and operation risks of enterprises, resulting in low efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises at present. The management of enterprises is still in the extensive stage.
Third, the equipment is backward and the technical level is low. my country's industrial equipment is already relatively backward, and the labor equipment rate of small and medium-sized enterprises is even more backward. The per capita fixed assets of independently accounted large, medium and small enterprises are 102,900 yuan, 51,100 yuan and 24,800 yuan respectively.
It can be seen that the per capita equipment level of small enterprises is 50% of that of medium-sized enterprises and 25% of that of large enterprises. Therefore, the organic composition of capital of my country's small and medium-sized enterprises is low, the equipment is aging, the production technology level and labor productivity are low, product quality and technical content are not high, resource waste and industrial pollution are serious.
Fourth, the enterprise’s asset quality is poor and its economic benefits are low. Due to the above reasons, coupled with the large proportion of non-performing assets and high debt ratio, it will inevitably lead to low economic efficiency, thus seriously restricting the development potential of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to statistics, in 1998, the average asset-liability ratio of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in independent accounting across the country was 62.9, and that of small enterprises of the same caliber was 6.5. In some areas, the debt ratio of small enterprises was as high as over 80, and a considerable number of enterprises were insolvent. The main reasons for the excessively high asset-liability ratio of small enterprises are: on the one hand, insufficient capital injection, and enterprise development mainly relies on bank loans. In 1998, the national independent accounting showed that the interest expenses of small state-owned industrial enterprises were 697 million yuan more than that of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises of the same caliber; on the other hand, On the one hand, national policies are tilted towards large and medium-sized enterprises. Bank bad and bad debt reserves written off in recent years are mainly used for state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises in the "Pilot Cities for Optimizing Capital Structure". The part that can be used by small enterprises is very small, resulting in the loss of small enterprises. The debt burden cannot be solved. Therefore, small and medium-sized enterprises, especially state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises, have suffered comprehensive losses for many consecutive years. In 1995, state-owned small enterprises suffered comprehensive losses, with losses exceeding 10 billion yuan for three consecutive years; in 1996, state-owned medium-sized enterprises suffered losses, and by 1997, losses also exceeded 10 billion yuan. It is very difficult for state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises to turn losses into profits in the short term.
3. Suggestions for accelerating the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in my country
In response to the above problems, the reform of small and medium-sized enterprises is not only about "liberalizing" policies and pushing them to the market, but also How to "activate" and adapt to the market, how to "grow from small to big" and "from weak to strong". This requires the coordinated operation of the government and enterprises, starting from the key points, solving deep-seated conflicts, transforming potential advantages into competitive advantages, and creating a new situation for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
1． The state should clarify the status of small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthen the protection and support of small and medium-sized enterprises, and create a good external environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
First, establish and improve relevant laws and systems to create an external environment for fair competition. Establishing and improving the legal and regulatory system for small and medium-sized enterprises and improving the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises are important prerequisites for promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is a common practice in various countries to establish the status of small and medium-sized enterprises through laws and regulations and protect the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises. In 1938, the United States established the "Commission to Investigate the Concentration of Economic Power" and formulated the Small and Medium Enterprises Act, the Federal Antitrust Act, the Social Equalization Act, the Small and Medium Enterprises Incentive Act, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Center Act, and the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Center Act. A series of policies and regulations such as the Economic Policy Act to protect and support small and medium-sized enterprises and promote their healthy development. Some developed countries such as Japan and Italy have also promulgated a series of laws and regulations to guide and protect small and medium-sized enterprises and strive to promote the healthy and mature development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Especially in Japan, the "Law on Supporting the Innovation and Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" enacted in 1991 concentrated and established the purpose, scope, methods and means of support, the establishment and operation of management agencies and other issues in one law, making the policies and measures to support small and medium-sized enterprises On the basis of legalization, we will move towards comprehensiveness and systematization. Our government should transform its functions, make public service procedures, improve service efficiency, simplify the procedures for setting up enterprises, lower charging standards, and improve service quality; effectively reduce the burden on small and medium-sized enterprises and clean up unreasonable charges. Fortunately, the State Council has approved the establishment of the Department of Small and Medium Enterprises by the Economic and Trade Commission to guide the reform of various small and medium-sized enterprises, study and formulate support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises, promote the establishment of service systems for small and medium-sized enterprises, and coordinate foreign cooperation among small and medium-sized enterprises." All regions have also Or a management agency for small and medium-sized enterprises is being established. The Financial and Economic Committee of the National People's Congress is also studying the formulation of the "Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Law". By rationalizing the management system of small and medium-sized enterprises, establishing and improving various rules and regulations, the original "six dragons" for small and medium-sized enterprises will be ended. Management disorder is a phenomenon in which each agency takes charge (uses power) but does not care (fails to fulfill its obligations).
As reform continues to deepen, the business areas of non-public enterprises will continue to expand. Therefore, in addition to protecting private property and legal operations in the form of laws, the government should also form a loose external environment in the system to ensure fair competition in the market among various forms of economic ownership. By rationalizing the management system of small and medium-sized enterprises, standardizing market transaction rules and market order, we will protect the normal operation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Second, promote structural adjustment. Optimizing the capital structure, adjusting the stock of small and medium-sized enterprises, and supporting the development of excellent and strong small and medium-sized enterprises are important foundations for improving the overall advantages of the national economy and enhancing international competitiveness. The government should formulate policies to guide small and medium-sized enterprises to develop industries suitable for their own characteristics, encourage the production of "fine, cutting-edge, special, and high-quality" products, while restricting backwardness, and take effective measures to deal with outdated equipment, backward technology, poor quality, serious pollution, waste of resources, Small and medium-sized enterprises with poor production safety conditions will resolutely go bankrupt and close down. It is necessary to gradually reduce the registered capital limit for starting small and medium-sized enterprises and allow installment payment; simplify registration procedures and reduce fee standards. Further study and explore simplified procedures for bankruptcy and liquidation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and gradually implement systems such as suspension of business supervision, risk warning, debt restructuring and legal bankruptcy. Guide small and medium-sized enterprises to take local large enterprise groups as the core to form related industrial groups with professional supporting and service functions, so that they can develop stably in cooperation with large enterprises, and construct a socialized division of labor, matching of large, medium and small, and professional complementation. Enterprise size structure and industrial structure.
Third, accelerate the cultivation of technological innovation capabilities and improve the overall quality of small and medium-sized enterprises. The weak competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises is due to the lack of technological innovation, development, transformation, management and systems. To this end, the government should provide effective support to small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of technological innovation capabilities, operators' innovative awareness and entrepreneurship, transformation of scientific and technological achievements, venture capital mechanisms and policy support. Improving the quality of small and medium-sized enterprises means improving the quality of the entire national economy. Focus on human resource development, implement the people-oriented management concept, and base the improvement of technological development and management level on the improvement of human quality. At present, all countries attach great importance to the risk management of small and medium-sized enterprises, support the development of high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises with abundant risk funds, and take the establishment and improvement of technological innovation support systems as the entry point to improve the technological innovation capabilities of the whole society and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Our country should select some cities to carry out regional and industrial technological innovation pilots for small and medium-sized enterprises, encourage colleges and universities, scientific research institutions and large enterprises to use existing technologies and equipment to provide technical services to small and medium-sized enterprises; explore the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprise innovation funds and focus on support Technological innovation of small and medium-sized technology enterprises; by promoting technology incubators, cultivating technology brokers, holding patent negotiation meetings, etc., accelerate the cultivation of technology markets for small and medium-sized enterprises, guide and promote the absorption and utilization of scientific research results by small and medium-sized enterprises, and improve the scientific and technological content of products. Enhance market competitiveness.
Fourth, improve the financing environment for small and medium-sized enterprises. The lack of funds is a bottleneck restricting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Solving the problem of financing difficulties for small and medium-sized enterprises is currently the focus of encouraging and promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The government should establish a fund supply, guarantee and guidance system for small and medium-sized enterprises, explore a variety of financing methods suitable for the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide effective financial guarantee for their development. (1) The government should use fiscal and tax policy means to improve the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. Environment. Implementing financial support and tax incentives is a common practice in various countries to encourage and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly including: setting up special funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, focusing on credit guarantee and re-guarantee funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, entrepreneurial funding for new small and medium-sized enterprises, and product structure. Adjustment and transformation of scientific and technological achievements and funding for the social service system of small and medium-sized enterprises; establishing and improving a credit guarantee system for diversified small and medium-sized enterprises. The guarantee funds can be raised through multiple channels such as local fiscal appropriations, realization of state-owned assets, corporate investment and social donations. Operating in accordance with the principles of "diversified funds, market-oriented operations, and support for outstanding performers", a national credit re-guarantee and credit insurance agency for small and medium-sized enterprises should be established at present; preferential tax policies should be used to encourage investment in small and medium-sized enterprises and reduce small-amount value-added tax payments by industrial enterprises (2) The government should increase financial policy support.
Fourth, attach importance to talents and improve the quality of workers. The competition in the modern market economy is the competition of talents and knowledge. At present, my country's small and medium-sized enterprises have serious problems of talent shortage and low employee quality. The reality requires that small and medium-sized enterprises must introduce talents and cultivate talents. What is more important is to form a scientific and reasonable enterprise leadership system and organizational system, and build an effective incentive and restraint mechanism to truly ensure that operators can be promoted and demoted, personnel can be moved in and out, and income can be increased or decreased. Give full play to the potential of human resources and maximize the enthusiasm and creativity of employees.
Fifth, strengthen corporate management. The management of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially family businesses, is very weak. Enterprises must focus on cost management, financial management, and quality management. Establish a new management system according to the requirements of modern enterprise systems.