2. According to the different publishing forms and contents, it can be divided into books, serial publications and special literature.
Understand:
Primary literature, also known as original literature, is a major literature in information science, which refers to the original literature with certain inventions and new ideas based on the author's own work experience, observation or actual research results, such as periodical papers, research reports, patent specifications, conference papers, degree papers, technical standards, etc.
Secondary literature, also known as secondary literature, is the product of processing and sorting out primary literature, that is, the external characteristics of disordered primary literature, such as title, author, source and so on. , recorded, or its content is compressed into a brief introduction, abstract or abstract, and sorted according to a certain discipline or specialty, such as catalogues, abstract magazines (including briefly searched publications), etc. They can all be used as document retrieval tools to comprehensively and systematically reflect the document clues of a certain discipline, specialty or theme within a certain time and space, and are effective means to accumulate, report and retrieve documents.
Third-level literature, also known as third-level literature, is a literature compiled from a large number of related documents after comprehensive analysis and research. Usually, it is formed by collecting a large number of relevant documents around a certain topic through secondary literature retrieval and deeply processing its contents. It is a document that comments, summarizes and predicts the development trend of existing achievements, including review, summary, progress and dynamics. In literature research, we can make full use of this kind of literature to understand the research history, development trend and level of the research topic in a short time, so as to grasp the technical background of the topic more accurately.
1) Literature information retrieval is a shortcut to acquire knowledge. Mastering the methods and skills of literature information retrieval can help people acquire the required knowledge quickly, accurately and completely, save the retrieval time to the maximum extent and make full use of literature information.
(2) Literature information retrieval is the forerunner of scientific research. To carry out valuable scientific research, we must rely on literature retrieval, obtain relevant literature information in an all-round way, and timely understand new problems and new viewpoints of various disciplines, so as to determine our own research starting point and research objectives.
(3) Literature information retrieval is the basis of lifelong education. The rapid development of science and technology makes the total amount of knowledge increase exponentially, and the obsolescence speed of knowledge is obviously accelerated, which requires people to have the ability of lifelong education, which is to a great extent the ability to acquire new knowledge, that is, the sensitivity and acceptance of new knowledge, so we must master the methods of literature information retrieval. The need of lifelong learning is the need of knowledge innovation.
The meaning and types of literature retrieval tools
First, the meaning of retrieval tools
A retrieval tool refers to a tool for reporting, storing and searching literature clues. It is a collection of a certain range of literature items with search marks, and it is a secondary literature. Generally speaking, retrieval tools should meet the following five conditions:
(1) clearly covers the scope;
(2) Having complete and clear document feature marks;
(3) Each document entry must contain multiple document characteristic marks with retrieval significance, and be marked with retrieval marks;
(4) Each project is scientifically organized into an organic whole according to certain laws;
(5) There is an index part, which provides various necessary retrieval ways.
Second, the types of retrieval tools
At present, there are many retrieval tools available to people. Different retrieval tools have their own characteristics and can meet different information retrieval needs. There are different classification methods of retrieval tools, which can be divided into manual retrieval tools and mechanical retrieval tools according to the different means of processing documents and information. According to the different carrier forms, it can be divided into: book retrieval tools, tape retrieval tools, card retrieval tools, microfilm retrieval tools and film retrieval tools. According to the different description formats, retrieval tools can be divided into the following four types.
1, directory retrieval tool
Directory retrieval tool is a tool to record the appearance characteristics of specific publishing units and collection units. It takes a complete publishing or collection unit as the recording unit, and generally records the name, author and source of the literature. There are many kinds of catalogues, among which national bibliography, joint catalogue and collection catalogue are particularly important for literature retrieval.
2. Title-based retrieval tools
Bibliographic retrieval tool is a retrieval tool that describes the appearance characteristics of documents (such as document title, author name, document source, etc.). ) takes a single document as the basic description unit and has no content summary, so it is a retrieval tool that can quickly report document information. The main difference between it and a directory is that it describes different objects. The object of catalogue description is the unit publication, and the object of title description is a single document.
3. Abstract retrieval tools
A retrieval tool is a retrieval tool that abstracts a large number of scattered documents, selects important parts and arranges them in a certain way. According to the author of the abstract, it can be divided into author abstract and non-author abstract. Author's abstract refers to the abstract written by the original author; A non-author's abstract refers to an abstract written by a professional abstract author who is familiar with his major. According to the degree of detail, it can be divided into indicative summary and reporting summary. The indicative abstract shows the title, content scope, research purpose and source of the document in the shortest language, which is actually a supplementary explanation to the title, generally about 100 words; The purpose of the reportable abstract is to reveal the theme of the original text, basically reflect the content of the original text, the scope and purpose of the discussion, the research means and methods adopted, the results or conclusions drawn, and also include relevant data, formulas and general E-diagram ().
4. Index retrieval tools
Index retrieval tools are retrieval tools that arrange related items or knowledge units in some important documents in a specific range, such as book titles, periodical titles, names of people, place names, words and so on. , according to a certain method, and indicate the source, to provide users with literature clues. There are various types of indexes. In retrieval tools, the commonly used index type is classified index; Subject index; Keyword index; Author index, etc.
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Basic knowledge (1) > >; Methods, approaches and procedures of literature retrieval
First, literature retrieval methods
There are three ways to find the document:
1, direct method
Direct method refers to the method of directly using retrieval tools (systems) to retrieve document information, which is the most commonly used method in document retrieval. It is also divided into sequential investigation, reverse investigation and spot check.
(1) sequential search method
Sequential retrieval method refers to the method of using retrieval system to retrieve literature information from far to near in time sequence. This method can collect systematic documents of a certain discipline and is suitable for document retrieval of larger disciplines. For example, to know the initial age of a subject, we need to know the whole process of its development now, so we can use the sequential search method to start from the initial age and gradually find it in the near future.
(2) Backward search method
Reverse retrieval method is a method of literature retrieval by using retrieval tools from near to far, from new to old and from reverse time. This law focuses on recent literature. Using this method, you can get the latest information as soon as possible.
(3) Sampling method
Spot check method refers to the characteristics of the project, selects the most likely or most likely time period of document information related to the project, and uses retrieval tools to carry out key retrieval.
2, backtracking method
Tracing method refers to the simplest method to expand the information sources one by one by using the references listed at the end of the mastered documents without using general retrieval tools. You can also trace the "citation" from the found "citation", and get more and more content-related documents according to the citation relationship between documents like a snowball.
3. Integrated approach
Comprehensive method, also known as circulation method, is a comprehensive application of the above two methods. The comprehensive method should not only use retrieval tools for routine retrieval, but also use the references attached to the literature for retrospective retrieval, and use these two methods alternately in stages and chapters. That is to say, first, several documents are detected by the retrieval tool (system), and then the reference directories at the end of these documents are used as clues to search, and so on until the requirements are met.
Comprehensive method has the advantages of both common law and retrospective method, which can find more comprehensive and accurate documents and is a more widely used method in practice. For the literature retrieval in novelty retrieval, we can comprehensively use the above retrieval methods according to the nature and retrieval requirements of novelty retrieval items and handle them flexibly.
Second, the way of literature retrieval
The retrieval method is also called retrieval portal. The characteristics of documents are the basis of storing and retrieving documents. Therefore, the characteristics of documents constitute the retrieval method. Generally speaking, retrieval methods can be divided into the following four categories: classification method, topic method, author method and other methods.
1, classification method
Classification refers to the way of searching according to the discipline (specialty) category of documents, based on the classification index in the retrieval tool.
The key to document retrieval by means of classification is to correctly understand the classification table of retrieval tools and divide the items to be retrieved into corresponding categories. Some retrieval tools, such as the Catalogue of Scientific and Technological Information in China, are arranged by classification and can be retrieved by classification.
2. Thematic approach
Subject method refers to the method of searching through the content subject of literature based on various subject indexes or keyword indexes. Searchers can search as long as they determine the search words (subject words or keywords) according to the items.
The key of subject-based literature retrieval lies in analyzing items, refining the theme concept and expressing the theme concept in words. Subject method is a main retrieval method.
3. Author's method
Author's way refers to the way to find documents according to known authors, based on author index, including individual author index and institutional group index.
4. Other channels
Other methods include searching by using various special indexes of retrieval tools. There are many kinds of special indexes, such as various numerical indexes (such as patent number, item number, report number, etc. ), special symbol code index (such as element symbol, molecular formula, structural formula, etc.). ), as well as an index of special terms (such as place names, organization names, trade names, biological generic names, etc.). ).
Third, the document retrieval program
Literature retrieval is a practical and empirical work, and different retrieval methods and procedures can be adopted for different projects. The retrieval procedure is closely related to the specific requirements of retrieval, which can be roughly divided into the following steps.
1. Analyze the items to be checked and define the theme concept.
First of all, it is necessary to analyze the content and essence of the items to be checked, the disciplines involved and their relationships, clarify the content and nature of the documents to be checked, extract the theme concepts according to the key points to be checked, clarify which are the main concepts and which are the secondary concepts, and initially determine the logical combination.
2. Select the retrieval tool and determine the retrieval strategy.
Choosing the right retrieval tool is the key to successful retrieval. The selection of retrieval tools must be determined according to the content and nature of the retrieved items. The selection of retrieval tools should pay attention to the scope of disciplines, the languages involved and the types of documents included. Professional retrieval tools should be the main choice, and then comprehensive retrieval tools should be used together. If a retrieval tool is in the form of both reading database and publication, it should be based on retrieval database, which can not only improve retrieval efficiency, but also improve precision and recall. In order to avoid the lag of retrieval tools in the process of editing and publishing, it is necessary to supplement the current issues of several related journals to prevent missing inspection.
3. Determine the retrieval approach and retrieval identification.
General retrieval tools provide various retrieval methods according to the content characteristics and external characteristics of documents. In addition to the subject method, we should also make full use of multi-directional supplementary retrieval such as classification and author method to avoid missing inspection caused by the lack of a single channel.
4. Look for literature clues and seek the original text
After the application of retrieval tools, the retrieval results are literature clues. This paper sorts out the literature clues and analyzes their relevance. According to the need, the original text can be obtained by using the literature sources provided in the literature clues.
Literature retrieval is a practical and empirical work, and different retrieval methods and procedures can be adopted for different projects. The retrieval procedure is closely related to the specific requirements of retrieval, which can be roughly divided into the following steps.
1. Analyze the items to be checked and define the theme concept.
First of all, it is necessary to analyze the content and essence of the items to be checked, the disciplines involved and their relationships, clarify the content and nature of the documents to be checked, extract the theme concepts according to the key points to be checked, clarify which are the main concepts and which are the secondary concepts, and initially determine the logical combination.
2. Select the retrieval tool and determine the retrieval strategy.
Choosing the right retrieval tool is the key to successful retrieval. The selection of retrieval tools must be determined according to the content and nature of the retrieved items. The selection of retrieval tools should pay attention to the scope of disciplines, the languages involved and the types of documents included. Professional retrieval tools should be the main choice, and then comprehensive retrieval tools should be used together. If a retrieval tool is in the form of both reading database and publication, it should be based on retrieval database, which can not only improve retrieval efficiency, but also improve precision and recall. In order to avoid the lag of retrieval tools in the process of editing and publishing, it is necessary to supplement the current issues of several related journals to prevent missing inspection.
3. Determine the retrieval approach and retrieval identification.
General retrieval tools provide various retrieval methods according to the content characteristics and external characteristics of documents. In addition to the subject method, we should also make full use of multi-directional supplementary retrieval such as classification and author method to avoid missing inspection caused by the lack of a single channel.
4. Look for literature clues and seek the original text
After the application of retrieval tools, the retrieval results are literature clues. This paper sorts out the literature clues and analyzes their relevance. According to the need, the original text can be obtained by using the literature sources provided in the literature clues.