1, mold
Mould belongs to fungi and is a multicellular microorganism, which can be divided into infectious and toxic according to its pathogenicity.
Two kinds. It is propagated by seeds or spores and widely exists in nature.
2. Mycotoxin
Fungi that can produce toxins and cause acute or chronic poisoning of humans and animals are called toxic fungi.
Pathogenic fungi. The toxic secondary metabolites produced by mold are called mycotoxins.
Common pathogenic mycotoxins
Aflatoxin (aflatoxin)
Ochratoxin (ochratoxin)
Zearalenone
Vomiting toxin (deoxynivalenol)
T-2 toxin
Clinical manifestations caused by several mycotoxins
1, zearalenone
It has the characteristics of estrogen. The ovaries of laying hens and breeders shrink, the laying rate decreases, and the fertilization rate of breeding eggs decreases, which leads to the early maturity of chicks and the overdevelopment of 15-day-old cockscomb.
2. vomiting and T-2 toxin
The clinical manifestation is enteritis, which will be more serious when bacteria exist.
Focus on destroying intestinal epithelial cells, leading to cell necrosis.
Cause mucus secretion or ulcer in mouth, crop, glandular stomach and muscular stomach, and sometimes cause swelling of glandular stomach.
3. Aflatoxin
Immunosuppression, decreased immunity, blocked protein synthesis, and decreased blood biochemical disease resistance index as a whole; The bursa of fabricius of chicks and chicks shrank ahead of schedule; The liver increases fat deposition, and the liver turns yellow and brittle; In chronic poisoning, the liver is pale and fragile, and the gallbladder becomes smaller. Microscopic observation showed that there were vacuoles in hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia. Reduce weight gain, feed conversion rate, egg production and egg weight; Affect the metabolism and utilization of calcium and phosphorus-leg disease; Affect the metabolism and utilization of iron and copper; The rate of dead pottery has increased.
4. Ochratoxin
The most obvious effects are severe renal lesions, pallor and swelling. The most important characteristics of ochratoxin poisoning are:
(1), poultry growth is slow, and feed conversion efficiency is reduced.
(2) With the increase of drinking water, the wet feces situation is serious.
(3) Pigment deposition in broilers fed with ochratoxin diet was poor.
Harm of mold and mycotoxin
1, universality of hazards
1960, 654.38+ten thousand turkeys died in Britain, which aroused scientists' concern about mycotoxin.
In-depth study of hazards. At present, hundreds of mycotoxins have been found in animals.
It has different toxicity, metabolic pathways and target organs. The harm caused by mycotoxin is global.
Almost all feed raw materials and human food raw materials have this problem.
Mycotoxins are often not easy to find before they are produced in large quantities. When you find the moldy color, say
The reproduction of microorganisms in Ming Dynasty has been in a vigorous stage, and the quality of feed has been seriously damaged. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
According to the textile survey, all kinds of cereals, oilseeds and feeds are polluted by fungi every year in the world, accounting for about the total.
10%.
China is a serious disaster country of mycotoxin, which causes billions of dollars in losses every year.
The degree of damage and loss to broilers and laying hens is unimaginable. Does not contain mycotoxin.
With antigenicity, any low-dose mycotoxin feed can not make livestock and poultry produce antibodies.
It will have a negative impact on the feeding effect. Low-dose mycotoxins accumulate due to long-term feeding, and over time,
Prolonged time leads to explosion poisoning, and the limit standard (safe dose) of mycotoxin in feed is unsafe.
The mycotoxin in feed is not single, not only the main known mycotoxin exists, but also
There are unknown mycotoxin components. Any two or more mycotoxins coexist and interact with each other.
The effect of enhancing toxicity is stronger than the cumulative negative effect of each.
2. Injury to chickens
(1) Chickens grow slowly, feed slowly, their legs and paws are pale and white, and the pigmentation is poor. Late feeding
Slow, without increasing feed, the ratio of feed to meat increases sharply;
(2) Diarrhea, feed feces, a large number of ineffective use of enteritis and coccidiosis drugs, seriously affecting feed remuneration;
(3) Recurrent enteritis and coccidiosis increase the susceptibility of Escherichia coli, and they dare not stop taking medicine, resulting in higher drug costs;
(4) Severe immunosuppression, resulting in the antibody in vivo not reaching its due titer after vaccination, and then
Easily infected with atypical Newcastle disease and other viral diseases;
(5) Chickens have liver and kidney problems, and the mottled kidney is serious, and the autopsy appearance is very similar to that of renal branches;
(6) Chickens dare not eat large pellet feed, but only eat fine pellets and feed powder;
(7) The individual size is different, and the slaughter weight is light;
(8) Laying eggs of laying hens decreased, eggshells turned white, salpingitis and virus drugs did not work;
(9) Loose feathers and white chicken feet;
(10) Chicken spits water, which looks like Newcastle disease.
(1 1) Stretch your neck and open your mouth to breathe.
Conditions of mycotoxin production
1. Substrate: Fungal toxin-producing strains mainly grow on grain, cereal, forage and other plants, and produce toxins in milk and eggs.
The ability to produce toxins on substrates of animal origin is low.
2. Temperature: The growth and reproduction of molds are closely related to temperature, and the optimum temperature for most molds is 25-30℃, which is relatively low.
When 10℃ or above 40℃, the growth will be weakened, and the toxin production capacity will also be affected.
3. Humidity: The humidity of substrate and air is closely related to the growth, reproduction and toxin-producing ability of fungi.
When the water content of the substrate is 17%- 18%, it is the optimum condition for fungi to produce toxins.
Problems existing in actual livestock and poultry production
1, corn is generally mildewed: in recent years, due to climatic factors, corn has been lodging when it is mature, resulting in local mildew and improper preservation.
2. Some laying hens and breeder farms often have wet materials in the tank due to water leakage from the water dispenser; Caused by long-term intake of moist substances.
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3. Many farmers don't clean the drinking fountains in time, and the residues of drugs, multivitamins and glucose in the water are easy.
The breeding of mold leads to the infection of mold in drinking water, which leads to the popularity of chickens.
4. There are many kinds of molds and mycotoxins. Different kinds of molds and toxins have different damages to the body, and the pathogenic conditions of various systems, tissues and organs are also different.
5. The breeder's awareness of preventing mould diseases is weak: in order to reduce the cost, the breeder did not add effective mould products to the feed, which led to the vertical spread of mould and mycotoxin to the chicks through eggs, which made the chicks pathological at the age of 2-3 days, affected the development of immune organs and produced immunosuppression. High-efficiency mildew remover
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