Problem description:
Who knows how to play saxophone, including fingering, posture, and syllable playing, as well as matters needing attention, it is best to have some etudes or e-books
Analysis:
Introduction to saxophone
First, the history and basic types of saxophone
Saxophone is a kind of wind instrument, and its inventor is a Belgian musical instrument manufacturer-adolphe sax (18 14- 1894). According to the pronunciation principle of Bohm flute prevailing in Europe at that time, it was invented as woodwind instrument and brass instrument in 1840. It was named after itself and patented in 1846. Belgians have always been proud of this, and even printed saxophone on paper money.
This instrument is played with a reed. The structure of opening and closing sound holes is similar to that of oboe, and the range is similar to that of oboe. It should be a woodwind instrument, but the pipe is copper or brass. It has a delicate top and a thick mouth, much like a bass clarinet. There are many saxophones from bass to treble, and they are all transposed instruments. Saxophone timbre is extremely rich and charming. When playing strongly, it looks like a brass tube, and when playing weakly, it looks like a woodwind. It is the best partner for wind instruments.
French composers Bizet, Saint-Sang and Verdi all used saxophone in their works. Saxophone is an indispensable instrument in jazz band trumpet band.
There are four kinds of saxophones commonly used now: soprano saxophone in B flat. E flat alto saxophone. B flat alto saxophone. Bass saxophone in e flat.
Several saxophones have exactly the same fingering, all of which are transposed instruments and recorded with high-pitched spectrum.
The French composer Berlioz once wrote: "The main feature of saxophone is that its timbre is beautiful, deep and calm, full of emotion, soft and sad, like an echo in an echo. No other instrument can make such a beautiful sound in a silent moment. "
Saxophone can not only play classical music well, but also play piano jazz and light music. When people mention jazz, the first musical instrument that comes to mind is saxophone. The greatest feature of jazz is improvisation, inversion of strong and weak beats and continuous syncopation, which makes the rhythm change endlessly, and the timbre is dramatic, intense, manic and deep, funny and sad. The saxophone plays the smooth Qin; Trembling and spitting; From the characteristics of super-blowing, it meets the needs of the greatest characteristics of jazz improvisation. Therefore, improvisation has also become a performance feature pursued by saxophone players.
Saxophone is made of metal, strong and weak, and its sound intensity is comparable to that of other brass instruments, which is incomparable to other woodwind instruments. The sound quality has the characteristics of woodwind instruments and the brightness of metal.
In the performance, because its structure is designed according to the scientific principle of Bohm flute, its mechanical system is reasonable and its components are flexible to use. Therefore, it can play difficult music like flute and clarinet. At the same time, compared with other woodwind instruments, it has its own uniqueness in the performance of sliding, vibrato, spitting and blowing.
Saxophone playing posture
Well-known experts and scholars at home and abroad first talk about the posture in teaching. Because the correct piano posture is related to the improvement of students' playing skills. For example, the head, arms, body posture, and the position and angle of the flute head on the mouth are all related to the use of breathing, and the use of breathing is also related to the control of pronunciation, timbre, sound level and music processing. It can be seen that playing posture is very important to improve students' professional skills.
1. Hang the instrument with a sling and put it on the right front of your body. The adjustment of the sling can not only bear the weight of the instrument, but also eliminate any tension in the hands and arms. The back of the lowest section of the instrument rests on the outside of the right thigh.
2. Play standing with your legs shoulder-width apart. Sit and play with your legs together. Don't cross your legs. No matter standing or sitting, the head, shoulders and upper body should be naturally straight, and the back, chest, abdomen and waist should not be bent.
3. The angle of the flute head should be based on the natural exhalation and the airflow direction of the flute head tuyere, because the airflow direction is slightly downward, the flute head and neck tube should naturally be consistent with the airflow direction, and a slight downward inclination is the best angle, about 45 degrees.
4. During the spring performance, the fingers, vulnerable parts and arms should be relaxed, the left and right hands naturally bend, the knuckles are slightly arched, and the joints cannot be straightened and collapsed. When lifting your fingers, you should have a sense of rhythm, not too hard, not too stiff, not too high, and the height should be one finger thick.
5. The flute head is controlled by the mouth, and the balance of the saxophone is controlled by the left and right hands and the slingshot, so that the saxophone can play in the best posture.
Saxophone mouth shape
1. Mouth shape: It means that the wind musician puts the flute head on his lips to control the state of muscles around his lips and face according to the rules of music performance.
2. Mouth shape: the mouth is O-shaped, and the mouth is "mourning" when smiling; The lower lip wraps the teeth inward, the cheeks are close to the gums, and the upper teeth lie on the flute head.
3. Location of flute heads: The number of flute heads varies with the size of each mouth, the thickness of lips, the length and neatness of teeth and the types of signs. The principle and purpose of the number of flutes is to find the best pulling point and make a good sound. Starting from the front end of the flute head, it contains less trial blowing, and then gradually contains more trial blowing; Then start from the back end of the flute head, including more trial blows, and gradually advance with less trial blows. Through this method, we repeatedly compared our timbre with our own, and found that saxophone not only has a full and round woodwind instrument, but also has a bright and beautiful metallic sound, that is, we found the best vibration point, and then we can fix the position of the flute head.
4. Several common problems in lip-synching performance, their causes and corrective measures:
Chin muscles push up, push up, push out. The main reason is that the lower lip quadratus muscle does not exert force downward and outward correctly, and sticks to the lower teeth and gums. Just like playing a flute, blowing an arrow and smiling, we should experience the natural jaw and correct its defects.
Upper summation, lower abduction and bow vortex gas. The main reason is that the orbicularis oris muscle up and down and around the corners of the mouth is out of control, or the control is weak. The two hum angles around the orbicularis oris muscle and abductor muscle are naturally and effectively displayed, and the upper and lower lips naturally fit the gums of the upper and lower teeth, which will definitely control the closure of the two corners of the mouth, thus avoiding its defects.
Touch your cheek. The main reason is that the laughing muscles on both sides of the horn are out of control and qi exists in the cheeks, so the cheeks are swollen. It is necessary to effectively control the laughing muscles, so that the cheeks stick to the gums of the upper and lower teeth, and the cheeks lose the condition of gas storage, thus correcting the problem of protruding cheeks.
There are too many flutes, the flutes are left or right in general position, the neck is tight, the neck is red, the eyes frown and blink, and other unnatural problems should be corrected in practice.
Inhale and exhale
People use chest breathing every day, which is a physiological exercise. The breathing in wind music performance is to use chest-abdomen combined breathing. This is a crucial step in wind music performance. Control of pronunciation, intonation, pitch, timbre and strength; The expression of stress and weak sound in the beat; Many musical performance skills, such as the standardization and artistic treatment in music, the division of sentence length, etc., are directly related to breathing. Therefore, attention should be paid to the correct breathing method, and serious practice can improve the performance skills. At the same time, incorrect breathing is also easy to cause lung fatigue and damage.
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About inhalation
When inhaling, use two corners of the mouth and unnatural, calm, rapid and noiseless movements to inhale air into the lower lobe of the lung. At the same time, the chest, sides, waist and abdomen should be naturally expanded. When the chest expands and presses down against the transverse intestinal membrane (a flexible membrane between the chest and the abdomen), the abdominal organs, intestines and stomach can move although they have a fixed volume. Once the transverse pleura falls, the abdominal organs and tissues move to the abdominal wall, which will make the stomach bulge. This is not sucking gas into the stomach, because there is no respiratory organ in the abdomen, but when inhaling, the chest cavity expands, the transverse pleura drops, the abdominal tissue moves, and the stomach bulges. This interference enlarges the space in the chest, enlarges the abdomen, enlarges the lungs, and inhales more gas. The diaphragm drops by one centimeter, and the polite area expands by 250-300 cubic centimeters. If you inhale hard, the diaphragm can generally drop by 3-4 cm. Therefore, the chest-abdominal breathing method, because the chest muscles and abdominal muscles are coordinated at the same time, can maximize the air volume and control the breath according to the needs of music.
For example, it is not easy to get tired, which can be a reasonable breathing method.
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About exhalation
When exhaling (pronouncing), the abdominal wall is gradually contracted and restored to its original state by using the joint control of muscles, transverse intestinal membrane and abdominal muscles, while keeping the breath full and the abdomen bulging. At the same time, with the help of the pressure of abdominal muscles and the support of diaphragm, the diaphragm that descends when inhaling is gradually lifted back to its original position, and the airflow is controlled to be very natural, stable, uniform, controllable and unobstructed.
"Air column" exhales.
Practice method
1. Lie on your back in bed, your legs groan naturally, just like sleeping, breathe naturally, and put your hands around your chest, abdominal ribs and waist to experience the correct breathing movements in all parts.
2. Use the feeling of smelling flowers, parsley, swallowing cigarettes and taking a deep breath to understand the correct part of breathing.
3. Understand the correct part of breathing from the shortness of breath after Pubu and other exercises.
4. Through the experience of breathing parts in the above aspects, you can practice standing, with your legs spread apart, one hand on your abdomen or waist and the other hand on your palm (or the second pen cap lays the foundation for practicing your mouth shape), and test your ability to control your breathing when you exhale and whether the movements of various parts are correct when you inhale. Breathe in quickly every time you practice breathing (but during playing. Generally avoid inhaling too much), exhale slowly for more than ten seconds, and master the chest-abdomen breathing method correctly and freely through practice.
5. During the practice, inhalation must prevent lifting the chest, shoulders and abdomen; Be sure to prevent excessive, uneven, unstable and short exhalation.
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About ventilation
1. Breathing should be designed in advance in the natural pause of phrases, passages or musical structures.
The position of (the ventilation mark in the score is' V' or',').
2. Breathe in quickly. There is no space between the phrases used in the paragraph or the phrases are very long, so choose.
Shorten the tone duration and inhale each time, so as not to affect the festival.
The accuracy of the spring.
3. Leave room for exhaling and inhaling. When exhaling (playing), breathe until you can blow.
You can catch your breath by playing one or two beats, but you can't catch your breath when you use it to the extreme. You can change it.
When breathing, the gap between breathlessness widens, which affects Spring Festival travel rush, and at the same time causes breathlessness, which affects.
The artistic effect of music; When inhaling, just inhale until eight or nine points, not ten points.
Full, so the breath is not easy to control. When exhaling (playing), if you encounter short and weak phrases,
You will hold your breath and lose the principle of relaxation, naturalness and stretching in the performance.
4。 When playing the second half beat of Spring, you should also breathe at the end of the phrase, which is invisible.
Take a rest or catch my breath. In this way, the integrity of music will be lost.
5。 When playing Qin's continuous, fast and long-scale music, we should choose the ascending sound for ventilation.
Or take a breath after falling tone.
Explanation of saxophone's mouth shape and breathing method
(1) mouth shape:
Whether the mouth shape is correct will affect pronunciation. Incorrect mouth shape will bite the lower lip, cause infection and even cause tooth deformity. Beginners should keep in mind the precautions of mouth shape.
1. The jaw is relaxed, the lower lip is miniaturized, so that half of the lower lip covers the lower teeth, and the mouth naturally opens slightly to both sides, showing a smile and making a sound of "Ai".
2. Tap the flute head into the mouth, and touch the upper teeth and upper lip on the flute head. The labial muscles should exert force evenly.
3. The position of the flute head should be distinguished according to personal circumstances, generally speaking, it is about one third of the flute head. Here we will talk about an optimal vibration point. Blow as little as possible from the front end of the flute head, then move backward slowly, blow as much as possible from the back end of the flute head, and then move forward gradually. Be sure to listen carefully to the sound differences in different positions, find the best vibration point, and then fix the position of the flute head.
4. Pay attention to practice playing in front of the mirror when practicing, don't drum your cheeks when practicing, and your mouth should be consistent.
(2) Breathing:
1. The so-called breathing is the support of breath and the power of saxophone. But some people will think that breathing is very simple, and the breathing mode we are going to talk about here is different from the daily breathing mode. Through the exploration and research of experts in various disciplines, it is found that human breathing patterns can be divided into three types:
(1) Thoracic breathing: shallow inhalation is also a normal way of breathing.
(2) Abdominal breathing: Taking a deep breath is like smelling flowers, inhaling deeply but not easy to control. Some people who study vocal music use this method.
(3) Thoracoabdominal combined breathing method: It has been proved that this method is the most scientific, and most people who study vocal music use this method.
Comparison table of three attraction methods
The main steps of breathing mode are the advantages and disadvantages of volume when breathing.
The middle part of the chest (the chest is convex and the abdomen is concave when inhaling) is 3250 cubic centimeters, and the inhalation speed is fast and the inhalation method is easy to master. Inhalation tension is difficult to control and it is easy to hold your breath. Diaphragm does not participate in breathing, thoracic dilatation is not enough, and fatigue is easy.
The lower part of the abdomen and chest (the chest bulges when inhaling and the chest expands downward) stretches more freely when inhaling, and the inhalation speed is faster. Due to the active participation of diaphragm, the expansion of the middle thoracic cavity is small and the inspiratory volume is small.
Chest-abdomen combined with thorax (both chest and abdomen expand outward when inhaling) 3960 cubic centimeters When inhaling, the diaphragm descends, the ribs rise, the thorax is fully expanded, and the inspiratory volume is the largest. Because the whole system participates in the work, the intensity and speed of airflow can be well controlled when exhaling, and the inhalation speed can be guaranteed to be slow when playing for a long time.
2. Breathing requirements when playing
(1) Inhalation: The gas is naturally inhaled into the lower part of the lung lobe, so that the diaphragm (a thin film between the chest and abdomen) moves down and the abdomen and two ribs expand naturally.
(2) Exhale: When pronouncing, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles are used to control the air filling, the abdomen bulges and the abdominal wall gradually recovers. At the same time, with the help of the pressure of abdominal muscles, the diaphragm with reduced inspiration gradually moves up, and the airflow is controlled to exhale like a very natural, stable, controlled and smooth "air column".
Inhale and exhale
Short time and long time
Inhale the corners of the mouth and cut off the controlled lip seams.
Breathing muscles contract rapidly and relax slowly (return to the original state)
Enlarge the chest as much as possible and gradually contract the chest.
The contraction and expansion speed should be fast, and strive to save, concentrate, evenly and smoothly use gas.
All muscles need to work in coordination to minimize muscle fatigue.
3. Pay attention to the following two points while playing and breathing.
(1) Don't shrug your shoulders-because you shrug your shoulders and lift your shoulder blades, your chest is stretched to a small extent, and you are prone to tension and fatigue when you inhale less.
(2) Don't arch your lower abdomen-some beginners arch their lower abdomen hard in order to let the air suck deeper. Because arching the lower abdomen will pull down the ribs in the chest, and the chest and abdomen are in a state of tension.
The difference between natural breathing and playing breathing
Breathe naturally, play with breathing.
The inspiratory and expiratory time are basically equal, the inspiratory time is short and the expiratory time is long.
Breathe mainly through the nasal cavity and mainly through the oral cavity.
Breathing is subconscious. Breathing is conscious and controlled.
You don't need a large breathing volume, use a large breathing volume of about 500 ml, about 3000-4000 ml.
take a deep breath
Whether playing long notes, etudes or music, there is a problem of ventilation. Breathing is breathing in the process of music.
Pay attention to the following three questions when taking a deep breath:
(1) Accuracy-Breathe quickly and accurately. At the end of the phrase, leave a short time for quick breathing. Under no circumstances can you take up the duration of the first note of the next sentence.
(2) Appropriateness-Breathe in according to the needs of short sentences and changing strength. Don't inhale the same amount of air at any time, and don't inhale to the limit, so the breathing muscles will be tense.
(3) Rationality-when taking a breath, you can often choose to take a breath at the end of the phrase. If the phrase is long, you can choose to take a breath where the chord changes, the interval jumps and the sound type changes. In short, you can't break the integrity of this phrase.
5. The relationship between breathing and other aspects
(1) The relationship between breathing and playing posture
Playing posture is not only an aesthetic problem, but also directly affects breathing. Don't bend over when playing, and of course don't hold your head high, so your chest can't expand well, your abdomen can't breathe in fully, your throat will be tense, and you can't breathe independently.
(2) the relationship between breathing and mouth shape
Even if you have a good command of breathing, you can't pronounce it correctly without the correct mouth shape. Lip muscles should have proper tension, so that exhaled air can enter the mouthpiece intensively and forcefully.
(3) The relationship between breathing and spitting.
Good exhalation is the result of tacit cooperation between third-party muscle movements and breathing. If the tip of the tongue moves heavily, the pronunciation is too heavy and clumsy, and the influence is not smooth, then the movement is slow and the pronunciation is vague.
(4) the relationship between breathing and finger movement
Pay attention to the organic coordination of hands, tongue and qi when breathing.
(5) the relationship between breathing and low voice pronunciation:
The tone is low, strong, weak and loud.
Fast airflow, slow airflow, large airflow and small airflow are gradually increasing.
In the process of practice, you should feel the feeling of abdomen with your heart. When inhaling continuously, you can lie flat on the bed, put your hands on your waist and feel your abdomen expand around. When practicing breathing, you can light a candle and blow it gently to make it tilt without swinging, so as to exercise the uniformity of exhalation.
In addition, there is a cyclic breathing method, that is, when playing Changle sentences to breathe, it does not affect the continuation of pronunciation. Cyclic breathing is the most commonly used method in the suona performance of China national musical instrument. Many suona players in China have made considerable achievements in the application of cyclic breathing, but few people use this method in saxophone. If you want to practice loop playing, I personally think you must meet the following five conditions:
1. Learn to play saxophone for more than four years (continuous learning)
2. Correct fixed mouth shape.
3. Good respiratory support.
4. Smooth and full long sound (more than 50 seconds).
5. Excellent musical instrument and flute head with moderate tuyere.
As we all know, each of us has a trachea and can only inhale or exhale in one direction. If you want saxophone to pronounce continuously, you can only exhale continuously. How can you exhale continuously? We use our mouths instead of our lungs to store air. The air storage capacity of our mouths is one sixth of that of our lungs, which is enough for us to take a breath. When pronouncing, when you feel one fifth of the breath in your lungs, stop supplying air to your lungs and exhale the air stored in your mouth. While exhaling the air in the cavity, the breath is inhaled from the nostrils and supplemented to the lungs along the trachea.
Practice steps of circular breathing method:
First, the breath is stored in the mouth, and the muscles in the mouth contract, so that the gas can be exhaled from the mouth. Practice slowly, and gradually extend the exhalation time of airflow in the mouth.
The second is to breathe the breath into the lungs with your nose. I don't think it will be difficult for anyone.
Then, it is quite difficult to do both.
Finally, exhale lung gas, which must be connected with the gas stored in the mouth.
When you practice, you must experience it with your heart and think a lot to reach a higher level of performance.
The following are some saxophone learning websites and music appreciation, which can be referenced: wichina/class/sax/
Sax 8/ index