Fighter: The F-22 fighter is the main air defense fighter developed by Lockheed Martin and Boeing for the US Air Force in the early 20th century. It is mainly used to replace the F- 15 fighter currently in service in the US Air Force, and occupies a primary position in the development of weapons and equipment in the US Air Force. In September 2002, the US Air Force officially renamed the F-22 as F/A-22, and established that the F/A-22 will take into account the dual tasks of air defense and ground attack. From June, 5438 to February, 2005, the F-22A equipped by the 27th Fighter Squadron of the US Air Force in langley afb took the lead in reaching the initial operational capability (IOC), and then the Ministry of National Defense indicated that the F-22A reached the combat readiness. At the same time, the US Air Force restored the name F-22. In a series of exercises conducted in 2007, F-22A created a "myth" that simulated air combat shot down 144 "enemy planes" without any casualties. Although this figure can't be fully believed, it is still enough to prove the advanced performance of the F-22A.
Total length18.92m.
Full width13.56m.
The total height is 5 meters.
Empty weight 13636Kg
The maximum takeoff weight is 27273Kg.
The flight speed at supersonic cruise is1590 km/h/h.
The maximum flight speed at high altitude is M 1.35.
Maximum flight speed at sea level1482km/h.
Upper limit15240m
Tanks: structural features:
1. The overall layout of the tank body adopts gap composite armor, which is divided into three compartments: the cockpit is in the front of the car body, the combat compartment is in the middle, and the power compartment is in the back. The driver is located at the right front of the car body, with 1 single hatch cover and 3 observation periscopes, among which the 1 periscope in the middle can be replaced with passive night vision periscope. The space on the left side of the cockpit stores shells. The turret is above the middle of the car body, the conductor and gunner are on the right, and the loader is on the left. There is a 1 big tail cabin behind the turret, which can store some shells; There are two hatch covers at the top of the turret, one on the right is the captain hatch cover and the other on the left is the loader hatch cover; There are 1 windows for supplying ammunition on the left side of the turret.
Second, the weapon system:
1. The main battle weapon tank is equipped with a 120mm smooth bore gun developed by Rheinmetall Company, with a barrel length of 5.3m, made of electroslag remelting steel, equipped with a thermal sheath and an air extractor. The designed bore pressure is 7 10MPa, and the actual bore pressure is 500MPa(5500kgf/cm2). The barrel is manufactured by self-tightening technology, and the surface of the inner bore is chrome-plated and hardened, which improves the fatigue strength, wear life and corrosion resistance of the barrel. The barrel life is 650 rounds (standard kinetic energy bomb). The weight of the whole gun system with shield is 4290kg, without shield is 3 100kg (including barrel, thermal sheath, pumping device and bolt), and the weight of barrel is 13 15kg. The maximum recoil distance is 370mm, and the general recoil distance is 340 mm.
2. Ammunition 120mm smoothbore gun is equipped with two kinds of ammunition: tail stabilized armor-piercing projectile and multi-purpose armor-piercing projectile. There are 42 rounds in the car, of which 27 rounds are stored in the front of the car on the driver's left, and 15 rounds are stored in the rear cabin of the turret. DM 13 armor-piercing projectile with stable tail is the main model of 120mm gun, which is composed of projectile, detachable stock and semi-combustible steel bottom shell. The missile body consists of a sleeve, a tail wing, a missile core and a towing device installed at the bottom of the missile body. The core diameter is 38mm, and the length-diameter ratio is 12: 1. The bullet core is a tungsten bullet core with a steel sleeve outside. The initial velocity of the armor-piercing projectile is about 1650m/s, and the maximum effective range is 3500m m. The DM 12 multipurpose armor-piercing projectile has dual functions of armor-piercing and killing, and the initial velocity is1143m/s. The missile is a tail stabilized missile, and the short tail is extruded by aluminum alloy. After surface heat treatment, it can bear the bore pressure above 500MPa. Adopt piezoelectric fuze; The ignition device was improved. The original single-hole primer was changed into porous primer, and a radial hole was opened around it, which shortened the ignition time from 22ms to 5 ms The semi-combustible cartridge was made of inert fiber, nitrocellulose, diphenylamine and resin, and contained propellant, primer and corrosion inhibitor liner. In order to prevent the ink cartridge from moisture and microbial erosion, the ink cartridge is coated with an oil film. DM23 is the second generation armor-piercing projectile with stable tail adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1983. Its overall tungsten-nickel alloy core has a diameter of 32 mm and an aspect ratio of 14: 1. DM33 projectile is the third generation armor-piercing projectile with stable tail, which has a larger aspect ratio, but it has not been put into production so far. The ammunition of this tank is the same as that of American M 1A 1 tank.
3. Fire protection system Fire protection system is a comprehensive system composed of mechanical, optical, hydraulic and electronic components. Because of the image stabilization sight, the hydraulic servo system of the gun follows the sight. The integrated system is usually called the command ceremony fire control system. Because it is a light and stable sight and is equipped with a position and speed complex circuit, it has the advantages of easy stability and high shooting accuracy to moving targets. The captain has a 1 round hatch cover that opens backwards and a periscope that can observe 360 degrees. There is a 1 PERI-R 17 stable main periscope in front of the hatch cover, with 2 times and 8 times magnification. The gunner has 1 stable EMES 15 periscope with double magnification function, including laser rangefinder and thermal imaging device. The thermal imager installed on the EMES 15 sight can make the gun aim at and shoot the disguised target at night or in bad weather. The gunner also has 1 auxiliary FERO-Z 18 telescopic monocular night vision device with a magnification of 8 times. At night, the commander observes the battlefield with a thermal imaging sight, which is connected with the gunner's EMES 15 sight. The image of EMES 15 sight can be transmitted to the commander's PERI-R 17 sight, so that the commander can also see the same image as the gunner. In addition, the conductor can also control the RPP 1-8 detection system through the computer-controlled test bed, and automatically monitor the work of the fire control system. The mirror of gunner EMES 15 binocular stabilized three-in-one main sight is bidirectional, the magnification of daytime channel is 12×, and the field of view is 5.
The prototype tank uses the EMES 12 stereo and laser rangefinder made by Zeiss, and the production car uses the yttrium aluminum garnet laser rangefinder patented by Hughes Company of the United States, which is used in combination with the EMES 15 gunner's main sight. The maximum measuring distance of the laser rangefinder is 9990m, and the accuracy is 10m m. The data of the measured distance, fire preparation and the selected bomb type are displayed below the gunner's sight. The fire control computer was developed from the FLER-H hybrid computer of AEG- Teller Fincken Company to a digital electronic computer installed on the fifth batch of Leopard 2 tanks. The computer can calculate the aiming angle and lateral advancing angle of the gun, and the parameters involved include target distance, vehicle inclination, target moving direction, crosswind and trajectory data. After calculating these parameters, the fire control computer sends control information to the weapon servo system, and the weapon servo system aims the weapon at the sight line of gunner EMES 15 or captain PERI-R 17. The gunner also has a 1 observation periscope installed on the top of the turret, and the loader has a 1 monocular observation periscope.
4. There are two kinds of auxiliary weapons. One is MG3A 1 7.62mm parallel machine gun of Rheinmetall Company, which is installed on the left side of 120mm gun, and the firing rate is 1200 rounds per minute. The other is the MG3A 1 7.62mm anti-aircraft machine gun installed on the ring bracket of the hand hatch cover, which is used for air defense, with high and low shooting range of-10 ~+75. The tank carries 4754 7.62 mm machine guns, of which 2000 are stored in turrets.
Third, the propulsion system:
1. engine This tank is equipped with MB873Ka-50 1 engine developed by MTU Company. It is a four-stroke 12 cylinder V-type 90-degree angle water-cooled precombustion chamber supercharged intercooled diesel engine. At 2600r/min, the power is 1 103 kW (65438. The engine has the characteristics of high power per unit volume, good low-speed torque characteristics, good fuel economy and good startability. Compared with MB838 engine used in Leopard 1 tank, the average effective pressure is increased from 0.8 1MPa(8.3kgf/cm2) to1.07 MPa (10.9 kgf/cm2), and the displacement is increased from 37? 4L increased to 47? 6L, the rotational speed was increased from 2200 rpm to 2600 rpm, so the power was increased from 6 10kW(830 horsepower) to103kw (1500 horsepower), an increase of 87%. On the other hand, by reducing the size of intake pipe, fuel injection pump and cylinder head, and improving the oil pan and other components, the structural size of the engine is more compact. The unit volume power of the engine is increased from 388kw /m3 (528kp /m3) of MB838 to 543kw/m3 (738kp/m3), and the specific gravity is reduced from 3. 1kgkW(2.3kg/ hp) to 2.04kg/kW( 1.5kg/ hp). Therefore, the acceleration performance of Leopard 2 tank is very good, and it only takes 7 seconds to accelerate from zero to 32 km/h, but the power consumption of the annular radiator cooling system reaches 162kw(220 HP), which is higher than other tanks.
2. Transmission device This tank adopts HSWL 345 hydraulic mechanical transmission device developed by Renke Company, which is one of the technical achievements of MBT-70 tank jointly developed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States. The transmission device consists of hydraulic torque converter, reversing gear, planetary transmission mechanism, hydraulic-hydraulic steering gear, hydraulic brake and confluence planetary row. The hydraulic torque converter is a two-stage turbine integrated torque converter with a maximum torque coefficient of 25, which can automatically close the pin. The reversing mechanism consists of three bevel gears, two planetary rows and two brakes, and the driver controls the vehicle to move forward or backward.
The planetary transmission mechanism consists of three planetary rows, three brakes and 1 disc clutch. With the reverse gear mechanism, four forward gears and four reverse gears can be obtained, but only two reverse gears are used. The steering device is a hydraulic-hydraulic composite double-flow differential regeneration mechanism. The function of hydraulic coupling is to increase the steering torque on the zero axis, and the hydraulic steering mechanism realizes stepless adjustment of each steering radius. When in neutral, all the power of the starter is transmitted through the hydraulic-hydraulic steering mechanism to realize in-situ steering. The maximum power absorption capacity of hydraulic brake is 565,438+047 kW (000 HP). Together with the mechanical brake, it constitutes the braking system of Leopard 2 tank, with the maximum braking torque of 24.5 kN m (2500 kgf m), which can stop the 55t Leopard 2 tank from the driving state of 65km/h within 3.6s ..
3. The action device tank is suspended by a torsion bar, and there are 7 load wheels, 4 idler wheels, 1 rear drive wheel, 1 front inducer wheel and 1 track adjuster on both sides of the car body. The suspension device includes 14 high-strength torsion bar, 10 friction damper and 10 hydraulic limiter. The dynamic stroke of the load-bearing wheel is 350mm, and the static stroke is176 mm. A new type of plate friction damper is installed at the first, second, third, sixth and seventh load-bearing wheels, and the absorption capacity of 10 friction damper is 61kn m. Cylindrical hydraulic limiters are also installed at the positions of these load-bearing wheels, each with a weight of1.5 kg10, and the total energy absorption of the hydraulic limiters is170 kn m m. The mobile device of the tank has good vibration reduction performance, and the total energy absorption ratio is Leopard 1 tank. The tank adopts 570A double-pin crawler developed by Diehl Company, with a track plate width of 635mm and a pitch of 183.5mm, and a replaceable rubber pad on the plate body. The rubber sleeve crawler adjuster is mechanical.
Fourth, the protection system:
1. Armor protection The design of this tank puts the survival intensity of the occupants at the top of the 20 requirements. The car body and turret are equipped with gap composite armor. The front end of the car body is pointed and a thick side skirt is added. There are three toolboxes at the front of both sides of the car body, which can play the role of skirts and improve the protection ability of the front arc area. The turret has a low profile and good elasticity. The problem of preventing secondary effect after being photographed is considered in the design. The ammunition to be fired is stored in the rear cabin of turret, and the ammunition is separated from the combat cabin by airtight partition.
2. Three-proof device This tank adopts collective protection and three-proof ventilation device, which is installed in the armor plate on the left side of the chassis for easy maintenance, and the air filter can be replaced from the outside.
3. Fire extinguishing system The cabin of Leopard -2 tanks produced in the first four batches was not equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system. 1985, the Federal Republic of Germany installed a fire extinguishing and explosion suppression device for the passenger compartment of the fifth batch of production Leopard -2 tanks, which was produced by Graviner Company in Britain.
4. There are 1 groups of smoke bomb launchers at the two rear parts of the turret, with 8 launchers in each group.
Kosovo
German troops in Kosovo are transporting Leopard 2. There are many Leopard 2A4 and Leopard 2 a5 in the German Kosovo dispatch team. At least one of them was caught in the crossfire.
Battle of Afghanistan
Canada borrowed 20 German Leopard 2A6M for the war in Afghanistan. In the attack of 2007/ 1 1/2, a 2A6M was hit by a mine, but there were no casualties: the commander wrote to the German commander that "my unit was hit by a mine, which is the first time to test the lightning strength of the chassis in actual combat. The result is valid. " Chariots can be said to have saved the lives of the crew. [3][4] Canadian Defense Minister Rick Hiller denied the report that a Leopard 2 was destroyed by a home-made mine, and insisted that the chariot was only slightly damaged. He said that "the Taliban ambushed many leopards", but he learned a painful lesson: "They will soon lose the war".
Denmark has also deployed Leopard 2 in southern Afghanistan. [6] In 2008 1 month, Denmark stopped the flank exercise, because the Taliban troops were close to helmand river, and the chariots had to be used to support Danish and British infantry in self-defense. [7] On February 26th, 2008, a Danish Leopard 2 was hit by a mine, destroying a track. Uninjured tanks can also be repaired.
This is the world's tank ranking, and the tank ranked first all the year round can basically represent the highest level of comprehensive strength of modern tanks.
Bomber: B-2 stealth bomber NATO used the B-2 strategic bomber for the first time in the air raid on Yugoslavia, making this aircraft used in actual combat for the first time. The B-2 strategic bomber is a product of the Cold War and was developed by Northrop Corporation for the US Air Force. 1979, according to strategic considerations, the US Air Force requested to develop a stealth strategic bomber with high altitude penetration to deal with the air defense system that the Soviet Union might deploy in the 1990s. The prototype was manufactured in 198 1 and tested in 1989. Later, the plan was revised, so that the B-2 bomber had both high and low air penetration capabilities and could perform the dual tasks of nuclear bombing and conventional bombing. The US Air Force * * * ordered 2 1 B-2 bombers, and the first one was delivered at the end of 1993. On February 23, 2008, a US B-2 strategic bomber crashed at Guam Air Force Base. There are 20 more. The unit price of the B-2 bomber is as high as $2.22 billion, which is by far the most expensive aircraft in the world.
The main airborne equipments are Hughes An/APQ-/KOOC-0/8/KOOC-0/low interception J-band attack radar (with terrain following avoidance and other 2/KOOC-0/usage modes), aiming system with GPS auxiliary function, TCN-250 TACAN system, VIR-/KOOC-0/30A automatic landing system and AN/APR.
The two weapon bays of the weapon can be equipped with Boeing's rotary missile launcher, and can carry 16 AGM- 129 advanced cruise missiles or 16 B6 1/B83 nuclear bombs, 80 Mk82 bombs of 227kg, 16 joint direct attack weapons and/or.
The size data length is 2 1.03m, the aircraft height is 5. 18m, the wingspan is 52.43m, and the wing sweepback angle is 33 degrees.
Weight and load empty weight is 45360-49900kg, maximum weapon load 1.8 135kg, maximum fuel quantity in the aircraft is 8 1.650-90720kg, normal takeoff weight1.526,35kg. ..
Performance data: the approach speed is 259 km/h, the service ceiling is 15240 m, the range (refueling once in the air) is greater than 18520 km, and the operational range (with 8 short-range attack missiles and 8 B83 bombs, the weapon weight is 169 19 kg). (high-low-high) 8 149 km, operational range (including 8 short-range attack missiles, 8 B6 1 bomb, weapon weight 10886 kg, takeoff weight 162386 kg), (high-high-high)
powerplant
Four GE F118-GE-100 afterburner turbofans, with a single thrust of 84.5kN (8620kg), an S-shaped inlet and a V-shaped tail nozzle at the upper part of the trailing edge of the wing, are all special configurations for stealth.
Aircraft carrier: Nimitz class aircraft carrier. It is the first-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier with the largest tonnage and the largest number of people in service in the world. Its first ship was commissioned in 1975. So far, seven ships have been in service, and the eighth and ninth ships are under construction. The full-load displacement of this class of aircraft carrier is above 9 1000 tons. Since the fifth ship, its full-load displacement has increased to 1.020 tons, making it the largest ship in the history of the world. Captain: 332.9 meters; ship width: 40.8 meters; widest flight deck: 76.8 meters; draft: 1 1.3 meters (CVN-7 1 Yes1.8 meters, which is/kloc since CVN-72.
Power plant: nuclear power, 2 pressurized water reactors, 4 steam turbines, 4 emergency diesel engines, 4-axis propulsion power:194 MW (260,000 HP), speed: more than 30 knots, endurance: 800,000 ~ 1 10,000 nautical miles.
Main weapons and equipment: 3 sea sparrow air defense missile systems, 4 dense array melee weapon systems (3 CVN-68 and CVN-69), and 3 324 mm 3-joint torpedo launching systems.
Aircraft: About 80 fixed-wing aircraft and 6 helicopters.
Personnel: 3 184 crew members and 2,800 aviation personnel.