Since 1970s, after more than 20 years of development, China's environmental protection industry has begun to take shape, distributed in more than 20 industrial sectors and industries such as machinery, chemical industry, metallurgy, light industry, agriculture and forestry. However, China's environmental protection industry is still in the primary stage of development in commercialization, enterprise and capitalization, and lacks effective international competitiveness. Except in some research fields, China's environmental protection technology still lags far behind the world's advanced level. The main questions are:
1. 1 Small scale, insufficient funds and weak development capacity.
There are more than 9,000 environmental protection enterprises and institutions in China, of which 90% are small enterprises with fixed assets less than150,000, and less than 10% are large and medium-sized enterprises. The situation of scattered and insufficient funds restricts the market development and competitiveness of the environmental protection industry itself, and the "bundled" credit policy of funds and technical equipment in many developed countries makes the construction of environmental protection facilities and many equipment in China rely on imports.
1.2 The technical content of environmental protection products is low, and the research direction is out of the market.
Environmental protection industry is a high-tech industry with high knowledge intensity. There is a big gap between China's environmental protection high technology and the world's advanced level. It is understood that only 20% of environmental protection enterprises can solve their own investment, independently complete technology development and successfully put into the market. At present, about15 of more than 3,000 kinds of environmental protection products are in danger of being eliminated due to insufficient reliability, applicability and product structure design, and about 2/5 of them need to be improved. In the research and development of sulfur dioxide treatment equipment, industrial wastewater (gas) purification equipment and solid waste treatment equipment with new technical level, the ability is even weaker. At present, the complete sets of environmental protection treatment equipment and products with high degree of automation needed in China are basically met by imports.
At present, many universities, enterprises and scientific research units have considerable scientific research capabilities, and have greatly improved their experimental equipment, capital investment and personnel quality, but the research direction has seriously deviated from the market, making it difficult to put scientific research results into practical application.
1.3 The industrial structure of environmental protection is monotonous and the regional development is unbalanced.
China's environmental protection industry started late, and the current productivity mainly focuses on environmental protection machinery products and comprehensive utilization of "three wastes". In most places, the market-oriented mechanism for the operation of environmental protection facilities has not yet been established. In addition, due to the unbalanced economic development in different regions, the development of environmental protection industry in different regions is also unbalanced. The environmental protection machinery industry in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Sichuan, Shandong and Zhejiang provinces accounts for about 60% of the total industrial output, and 80% of the total output value is concentrated in Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong, Jilin, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Beijing.
In addition, there are still the following problems in China's environmental protection industry: the state has not formulated the environmental protection industry plan and lacks effective macro-control and guidance; Market chaos, lack of fair competition market environment, especially the identification of environmental protection products at different levels, the use of administrative power to intervene in the market, resulting in market fragmentation; Products and projects lack product standards, technical specifications and effective quality supervision.
2 solutions
It can be seen that the environmental protection industry in China has not been fully industrialized at present, and it is still purely corporate behavior to a large extent. For a long time to come, the environmental protection industry will still be plagued by problems such as imperfect policies and regulations, lack of funds and weak technical force. Whether we can clear the obstacles and roads through hard work will directly determine whether the environmental protection industry can develop rapidly and healthily. Due to the late start of China's environmental protection industry and weak innate conditions, it is difficult to achieve great development in a short time. However, there must be no utilitarianism, and the focus should be on cultivating a healthy and truly environmentally friendly industrial system.
China's national conditions determine that we can't simply imitate technology like Taiwan Province Province and South Korea, nor can we let ourselves drift like Thailand and Malaysia. We must have our own core technology and patented products in order to compete with foreign countries. The basic foothold of environmental protection technology and products is domestic resources. On this basis, the key to gradually establish a high-tech environmental protection industry with complete functions and sound system is how to integrate and make full use of existing funds, technologies and resources to make them play their greatest potential. For example, capital is scarce, and it is more important to make full use of existing funds. Generally speaking, China's financial system is inefficient. In the past 10 years, the Indian savings rate was only14 of China's, and the foreign investment attracted was only 10% of ours. However, India's economic growth rate is not low, averaging 6-7%. At a high level of "capital formation", our growth performance is not satisfactory. The main reasons for carefully analyzing the present situation of environmental protection industry in China are all around the environmental protection industry itself, the application of new technologies, the market, scientific research and competition. It can be said that all these problems have been solved, and our environmental protection industry has the premise of great development.
2. 1 market
The seriousness of environmental pollution and the fragility of natural ecology determine the long-term and arduous nature of China's environmental protection industry, and at the same time show the good development prospects of China's environmental protection industry. At present, the state invests more than 50 billion yuan in the construction of environmental protection facilities every year. During the period of 1998, the state issued three batches of infrastructure projects to expand domestic demand, of which 22.4 billion yuan was newly invested in environmental protection, making the total investment in environmental protection in that year exceed 80 billion yuan, accounting for about 1% of the gross national product. However, the potential market of environmental protection is not equal to the real market, and the development potential of environmental protection industry depends on the development potential of the market, but the current market is limited in quantity, and the current environmental protection market is far from forming a mature buying group in quality.
How to turn it into a real market depends on the norms and guidance of government environmental policies and environmental standards. Environmental protection industry is an industry guided by laws and policies, which is a very prominent feature that distinguishes environmental protection industry from other industries. Throughout the history of world environmental protection, we can see that countries with sound environmental protection laws and regulations and stricter environmental standards and enforcement will have more developed environmental protection industries and more environmental protection technologies that dominate the international market, thus occupying more markets. In addition, in view of foreign credit policies aimed at occupying the China market, the government should also have corresponding policies to avoid inhibiting the development of environmental protection enterprises in China.
2.2 Fund
At present, the construction and operation of sewage and garbage treatment facilities in most cities are maintained by national and local financial allocations. Due to the general shortage of national and local finances, the construction of urban environmental protection infrastructure is progressing slowly, and some pollution control facilities are difficult to operate. For example, 67 urban sewage treatment plants were planned to be built in the Ninth Five-Year Plan for the prevention and control of water pollution in the Huaihe River Basin, and then they were adjusted to 52. However, by the end of 2000, only 10 had been built and operated in the whole basin, but the construction of 10 had not started. Therefore, the mechanism of building urban environmental protection infrastructure entirely by financial allocation can no longer meet the needs of the development of the situation.
There are many ways to solve the problem of funds.
2.2. 1 marketization under government control
It is necessary to establish an investment and financing mechanism and operational mechanism that is compatible with the market economy, that is, gradually liberalize the investment market of urban environmental protection infrastructure, establish policies and measures to encourage society and enterprises to invest in environmental protection infrastructure, and mobilize the enthusiasm of the whole society to participate. In countries with developed market economy, the construction and operation of environmental protection infrastructure are realized by enterprises and market operation under the unified planning, appropriate support and legal supervision of the government.
2.2.2 Introduce a reasonable charging policy.
At present, the most important thing is to introduce relevant economic policies and supervision and management measures, especially to improve the charging policy for urban sewage and urban garbage treatment. There are also mechanism problems in the construction and operation of pollution control facilities in enterprises. First of all, we should change "whoever pollutes and governs" into "whoever pollutes and pays". The premise of realizing "polluter pays" is that the cost of pollution control must be reflected in the product price of the enterprise. In addition, whether pollution control facilities can be separated from the production process of enterprises and whether they can be independently managed and accounted for is also the premise of realizing the socialization and marketization of the operation of environmental protection facilities in enterprises.
2.2.3 Realizing multi-channel financing
China's environmental protection industry will inevitably encounter financing difficulties in the process of restructuring and scientific research. After China's entry into the WTO, the international environment and economic business will increase day by day. These difficulties can be solved by carrying out financial business innovation and using international funds. For example, the environmental protection industry introduces BOT investment mode, namely "build-operate-transfer". The government assigns the responsibility for the design, construction, financing, operation and maintenance of environmental protection facilities to foreign investors through contracts. After the project is completed, the responsible person has the ownership, management right and income right of the project during the agreement period, so as to recover the investment and obtain profits. After the expiration, the project will be handed over to the local government free of charge. This is conducive to improving the structure and introducing advanced environmental protection technology, which meets the needs of the development of China's environmental protection industry.
2.3 Strengthening scientific research
As a new industry, environmental protection industry must be recognized and developed with brand-new ideas. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. If the environmental protection industry wants to survive and develop, it is necessary to take quality as the lifeline, vigorously develop environmental protection high-tech products and speed up the upgrading of products. Scientific research institutes and universities should seize the opportunity, change their ideas, turn knowledge into commodities, improve product level and quality, and enhance the vitality of environmental protection industry. The environmental protection industry should make more use of modern scientific research results and promote the wide application of high and new technologies such as biotechnology, microelectronics, aerospace technology, computer technology, automatic control, sensing technology and new material technology to enterprises.
2.4 Promote the transformation of scientific research achievements into new technologies
2.4. 1 Promote the marriage and grafting between scientific research units and enterprises.
Environmental protection technology is the foundation for the survival and development of environmental protection industry. To realize the scientific and technological progress of environmental protection industry, effective measures must be taken to encourage scientific research in factories. Summarize the scientific research experience of environmental protection enterprises, and drive more environmental protection enterprises to consciously develop environmental protection high-tech products. Most small environmental protection enterprises in China are county and township-run enterprises with poor technical quality, and most environmental research institutions and environmental-related research institutions do not have the ability to operate enterprises. Therefore, we should encourage the grafting of the two from the policy, encourage the linkage between factories and schools, and encourage the combination of banks, enterprises and scientific research institutions in technology development, so that the technological development of scientific research institutions can effectively go to the market with loans. Give full play to the advantages of flexible management mechanism of small enterprises, and combine the respective advantages of enterprises and scientific research units in colleges and universities to form the overall advantages of * * * *.
2.4.2 Establish a pilot base for environmental protection technology.
Technical reliability is the key to the industrialization of environmental protection technology. In recent years, several domestic environmental protection technology contract disputes mostly stem from technical problems. Many environmental protection enterprises started from a technology, and the technology owned by enterprises is extremely mature, which is the basic condition for the development and growth of environmental protection enterprises. According to preliminary statistics, 2.3 new environmental protection technologies are born every day in China, with 800 projects a year. However, the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements is not high, mainly because these environmental protection technologies have not passed the pilot test and have not reached the mature point of technological achievements transformation. Even the best environmental protection technology has been put on hold for a long time because of the lack of demand information. Change this practice, establish a pilot base of environmental protection professional technology, carry out secondary development of existing advanced and practical environmental protection technologies, and enter the application field as soon as possible. The test technology of pilot base should be the most advanced technology at home and abroad. Once a new technology is successfully studied in the laboratory, it will be piloted, scaled up and put into production with the help of the pilot base. The pilot base is like a solid bridge, which makes the technical achievements of the laboratory smoothly move from the bridge to the application and industrialization of scientific research achievements. In addition, the government should formulate preferential policies for relevant departments, develop environmental protection intermediary agencies, encourage environmental protection enterprises and institutions to engage in environmental protection intermediary services, publicize and recommend successful pilot environmental protection technologies, prosper the environmental protection technology trading market, and promote the transformation of environmental protection scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces.
3 Conclusion
As long as we can firmly grasp the key points of solving problems, take it as a breakthrough to promote the great development of environmental protection industry, and make full use of the levers of policies, standards and regulations, I believe that the development speed of China's environmental protection industry will be greatly improved, and gradually form an industrial system with complete functions and sound systems.
Environmental protection industry is an industry that provides environmental products and services for social production and life, and provides material basis and technical support for pollution prevention, ecological environment improvement and resource protection. It is a strategic emerging industry with high growth, strong employment absorption capacity and good comprehensive benefits. Accelerating the development of environmental protection industry is a realistic demand for energy saving, emission reduction and improvement of people's livelihood, an inevitable choice for building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing sustainable development, an important measure for upgrading traditional industries, promoting structural adjustment and accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, and a strategic choice for developing green economy and seizing the commanding heights of international competition in the post-financial crisis era.
I. Development Status of Environmental Protection Industry in China
After more than 30 years of development, China's environmental protection industry has made great progress. With the continuous strengthening of national environmental protection and the improvement of environmental protection industrial policies, China's environmental protection industry has developed from the initial "three wastes treatment" to a relatively complete industrial system including environmental protection products, environmental infrastructure construction, environmental services, environmentally friendly products, resource recycling and other fields.
In recent years, the development of environmental protection industry in China has shown the following characteristics:
1, the environmental protection industry is large. The rapid development of industry, the continuous expansion of industrial fields, the gradual optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, technology and product structure, and the accelerated development of operational services have contributed to environmental protection and pollutant emission reduction. According to estimates, by the end of 20 10, there were about 35,000 employees and nearly 3 million employees in the national environmental protection industry, and the total industrial income reached 1 1000 billion yuan.
2. The level of industrial technology has been greatly improved. Since the implementation of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" and "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", a number of practical new technologies with independent intellectual property rights have emerged through continuous introduction of digestion and independent innovation, and they have been popularized and applied in environmental pollution control projects. Large coal-fired boiler flue gas desulfurization equipment has been industrialized; The integration of water treatment equipment and pharmaceutical production level have been continuously improved, the product quality has been steadily improved, and the application of membrane technology in various refractory industrial wastewater has made progress; The treatment and resource utilization of municipal solid waste has the technical foundation of industrialization, and complete sets of incineration devices such as domestic waste, medical waste and hazardous waste are becoming more and more mature; The comprehensive application of physics, chemistry, biology, electronics and optics will promote the development of environmental monitoring technology in the direction of multi-function, integration, intelligence and networking; Environmental services, environmental protection products and cleaner production technologies have all developed rapidly.
3. A group of key environmental protection enterprises with strong technological innovation ability stand out in the market competition. With the deepening of economic system reform, with the support of the national policy of developing environmental protection industry, various forms of ownership of environmental protection enterprises continue to grow and develop. In the fields of urban sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, dust removal and desulfurization, domestic garbage and hazardous waste treatment and disposal, noise and vibration control, a number of super-large backbone enterprises integrating technology research and development, planning and design, engineering construction, operation and maintenance, and system services have emerged, becoming the backbone of the development of environmental protection industry in China.
Second, the development prospects of environmental protection industry in China
20 1010 June10, the State Council issued the Decision on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industries (Guo Fa [2010] No.32), which cultivated and developed the environmental protection industry as one of the strategic emerging industries. On April 5, 20 1 1, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the Guiding Opinions on Environmental Protection System to Further Promote the Development of Environmental Protection Industry, and put forward specific measures to cultivate and develop environmental protection industry. In the near future, the state will also issue a series of plans and supporting policies closely related to the environmental protection industry, such as the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries, the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Industries, and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection. The environmental protection industry is expected to become a real "sunrise industry" in the future.
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will focus on upgrading sewage treatment plants, such as nitrogen and phosphorus removal, sewage treatment in small and medium-sized towns, treatment of high-concentration and refractory industrial wastewater, prevention and control of nitrogen oxides, fine particles and atmospheric composite pollution, sludge disposal, prevention and control of heavy metal pollution, incineration of large-scale urban garbage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste, dismantling and disposal of electronic waste, comprehensive prevention and control of rural and agricultural non-point source pollution, contaminated sites and ecological restoration, and environmental monitoring and early warning. Focus on the development of environmental services such as general contracting of environmental services, professional operation services, consulting services and engineering and technical services.
According to preliminary calculation, the demand for environmental protection investment during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period is about 3 1 trillion yuan, accounting for about 1.35% of GDP in the same period, and the average annual environmental protection investment is about 620 billion yuan. It is predicted that the environmental protection industry will continue to maintain an average annual growth rate of more than 15% in the future. By the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (20 15), the output value of China's environmental protection industry will reach 2.2 trillion yuan, including the output value of environmental pollution control in 800 yuan.