I saw the format of an academic journal article. It should be ok, or you can check it out on the paper plagiarism check page of the school. The structure of an academic paper should usually have 13 basic elements, arranged in order. It is: title, author signature, author affiliation (including unit, place name, zip code), abstract, keywords, Chinese National Library Classification Number, document identification code, article number, text, sequence, notes (optional) and references, Title and number of the topic, and introduction to the author. In addition, the author's contact information (telephone number, email, detailed address, postal code, etc.) should also be indicated in the manuscript. These are the basic elements that should be included in the structure of an academic paper. Of course, it is best to have an English title, English abstract and English keywords in the manuscript for editors to choose. Go to School Paper Plagiarism Checker will bring you the basic requirements for the format of academic journal articles and explain in detail the format specifications of journal articles.
1. Header part
The header part of an academic paper should generally include the title, author's signature, author affiliation, abstract, keywords, Chinese National Library Classification Number, document identification code, The basic format and specification requirements for article number and other elements are:
1. Title.
The title of an academic paper should be written concisely, concretely, accurately and appropriately, be able to summarize the specific content of the paper, and comply with the relevant principles of compiling bibliography, indexing and retrieval tools. In addition, the use of non-publicly recognized abbreviations, foreign characters, codes, etc. should be avoided as much as possible in the title.
2. Author’s signature and author’s affiliation.
With regard to the author's signature and author's affiliation in academic papers, the following points should generally be noted:
(1) All academic papers should be signed by the author, and the signature should be placed in the center below the title. .
(2) The signature of an academic paper can be signed by one author independently, jointly by two or more authors, or collectively (such as signing the name of a research group, etc.); The author's real name can also be signed by the author's pen name, but usually the author's real name is signed, except in special circumstances; for articles signed collectively, the author or organizer can also be marked at the bottom of the homepage of the article, separated from the main text by a horizontal line. open.
(3) Academic translations should be signed with the author first and the translator last. The nationality should be indicated in square brackets before the author; in various supplementary academic abstracts, the author's name can also be rounded. Parentheses are indicated at the end of the text.
(4) The signatures of multiple authors should be separated by spaces or commas; authors from different units should be marked (superscripted) with different Arabic numeral signature numbers in the upper right corner of their names, and the The name of the author should be preceded by a serial number that is consistent with the serial number of the author; when two or more author affiliations are listed consecutively, they should be separated by semicolons.
(5) The signed author should be marked with the full name of his or her work unit, the province, district, city or county where he or she is located (the province can be omitted for cities above the provincial capital), the zip code, and put it in parentheses. Centered below the author's signature.
The author's right of signature is protected by the "Copyright Law". The specific method of signature depends on the author's wishes. No one has the right to interfere, but at the same time he must be bound by the law and cannot infringe others or the collective at will. right of authorship.
3. Summary.
The abstract is a brief statement by the author of the main content or main points of the paper. It must be concise, accurate, and general. It can objectively and concretely reflect the important and innovative main points of the full text, and provide an objective and comprehensive summary. Specific statements; subjective and emotional comments and explanations that are divorced from specific content should be avoided. In other words, the abstract is an independent, self-contained and complete short article. It is a direct expression of the main points of the paper. Generally, there should be no subjective evaluation and explanatory text by the author. Therefore, when writing an abstract, you should pay attention to the following three points:
(1) The abstract should be independent and self-contained, which means that the reader can directly obtain the most important points of the article without reading the full text of the article. Content information. The content of the abstract should contain the main points of the paper, focusing on the discussion object and conclusion, that is, focusing on the introduction, so that readers can determine whether it is necessary to read the full text through the abstract.
(2) Chinese abstracts generally have about 200 words, and English abstracts generally require about 200 content words. If there are special needs, the number of words can be slightly more, but the principle is to be concise and clear.
(3) Do not write the "abstract" of the paper in the form of "content introduction", let alone the "summary" of a book. The requirement for writing an abstract is to use highly general language to describe a paper. State the main information or central idea contained directly, and try to avoid using introduction and self-evaluative language. For example: "This article is based on..., analyzed..., studied..., proposed..., has... significance", etc., I wrote a long list, but it does not reflect the specific substantive content.
According to relevant regulations, abstracts must be prepared for papers published in academic journals. The abstract is located below the author's signature. The Chinese abstract should be marked with "Abstract:" or "[Abstract]", and the English abstract should be marked with "Abstract:".
It should be noted here that English abstracts are currently optional and are only required in the Ministry of Education’s formatting specifications for university journal papers [1], and in the "Abstract Writing Rules" (GB/ T6447- 1986) is not clear about this. Therefore, if the author is able to write it in the manuscript, it is better. If the author is unable to write it, it can be omitted. It is left to the journal editor to decide whether it is necessary to write it for you based on the editing and publishing needs.
At present, in some academic papers published by journals, although there is a so-called "abstract" in front of the text, it is actually an "introduction to the content", "summary" or nondescript text. The reason why this happens is that a considerable number of authors and editors confuse "abstract" with "introduction" and "summary" and therefore miss the point when writing abstracts.
4. Keywords.
Keywords, also called subject words, refer to subject-specific nouns or noun phrases with practical retrieval significance selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and have a clear source in the paper.
(1) Keyword labeling requirements.
The annotation of keywords should reflect the main content of the academic paper and be semantic, and should try to use the standardized vocabulary provided by the "Chinese Thesaurus", "World Chinese Thesaurus" or various professional thesauruses. Label.
(2) Keyword labeling method.
Generally, 3-8 keywords should be selected and placed on a new line with prominent characters below the "Abstract". Chinese keywords should be preceded by "Keywords:", "Keywords" or " "Keywords" is used as a mark, and each word is separated by a semicolon ";"; if there are English keywords marked, the Chinese and English keywords should correspond one by one, and the English keywords are marked with "Keywords:" and arranged on a new line. .
(3) The purpose of marking keywords.
Keywords are words that have substantial retrieval significance for revealing the central content of academic papers. The purpose of their annotation is to be used as the content characteristics of computer systems to index papers, so that the information integration system can collect papers with similar content. for readers to search. Therefore, the keywords extracted from the paper should be standardized words or phrases. When extracting and determining keywords, it is necessary to conduct a theme analysis of the paper, select accurate and appropriate words or phrases as keywords, and follow the indexing and grouping Matching rules convert it into standard words in the thesaurus.
Generally speaking, academic papers of more than 3,000 words in academic journals must be tagged with Chinese keywords, but English keywords can be tagged according to needs. Although English keywords are still optional and can be marked or not in the writing and arrangement of academic papers, if you have the ability to mark them, it is better to mark them. After all, these are publicly published academic papers, and the search needs of international peers should be taken into consideration. .
5. CLC classification number.
China Library Classification Number refers to the document classification mark prescribed for thematic analysis of scientific and technological documents using the "Chinese Library Classification" and for organizing documents into categories according to the subject attributes and academic characteristics of the document content. symbol.
(1) The composition of the Chinese classification number.
The Chinese Classification Number is a mixed number composed of Chinese Pinyin capital letters, Arabic numerals and some auxiliary symbols. Generally, one letter is used to mark a major category, and the alphabetical order reflects the sequence of the major categories. Use numbers and auxiliary symbols after the letters to indicate the division of categories under the major categories, thus forming a complete document classification mark symbol. Therefore, when labeling, you should try to label it accurately and subdivide it in place.
(2) Annotation of the classification number in the figure.
The annotation of CLC classification numbers should currently use the subject classification codes stipulated in the "Chinese Library Classification Law" (September 2010, 5th edition). Papers involving multiple disciplines can be annotated. Mark several classification numbers, and separate the two classification numbers with a semicolon ";". The China National Library Classification Number should generally be marked on the left side below "Keywords" and marked with "China Library Classification Number:", "China Library Classification Number" or "China Library Classification Number".
Example:
①CLC classification number: G270 (indicating that the article is a paper on archives and archives management)
②CLC classification number G273.4;G254.9 (indicates that the article is a paper on archive retrieval, literature retrieval, and information retrieval)
6. Document identification code.
The document identification code is a code specified for classifying and identifying academic papers. In accordance with the provisions of the "Chinese Academic Journals (CD-ROM Version) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Standards", each article should be marked with the corresponding document identification code.
(1) Five commonly used document identification codes:
A--Academic papers on theoretical and applied research;
B--Theoretical learning and social practice Summary;
C--business guidance and technical management articles;
D--dynamic information;
E--documents and materials.
(2) Annotation of document identification codes.
In academic papers, the document identification code should be marked in the two empty spaces after the CLC classification number, usually with "Document Identification Code:", "Document Identification Code" or "Document Identification Code" mark.
Example:
①Document identification code: A (indicates that the article is an academic paper)
②Document identification code C (indicates that the article is a business guidance and Technical management articles)
7. Article number.
According to relevant regulations, all articles with document identification codes should be marked with article numbers, among which articles in categories A, B, and C must be marked.
The article number consists of the international standard issue number of the academic journal, the year of publication, the issue number, the first page number of the article and the number of pages*** 5 paragraphs of 20 digits, and its structure is: XXXX-XXXX(YYYY )NN-PPPP-CC. Usually marked with "Article Number:", "Article Number" or "Article Number".
2. Text part
The main part is the main part of an academic paper. The following main points should be paid attention to in the standard requirements related to the text of an academic paper:
1. Introduction.
The introduction, also known as the preface, is used at the beginning of the text of an academic paper, or is marked with "introduction", "preface", etc., or is directly stated as the first natural paragraph of the text. The introduction should generally express the author's writing intention or simply explain the writing background, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and reflect the writing scope limited by the title of the paper. At the same time, it should be concise and concise and closely related to the topic.
2. The logical level of the text.
As the main body of an academic paper, the main text is the part of the paper that best reflects the author’s academic innovation ability, language expression ability and logical thinking ability. Its logical structure level is generally:
< p>a. Raise questions--arguments;b. Analyze problems--arguments and demonstrations;
c. Solve problems--argument methods and steps;
< p>d. Draw a conclusion - summarize the main idea of ??the full text.3. Title within the text.
In-text titles refer to the first-, second-, and third-level “subtitles” in the text that indicate the logical levels of each part. The logical levels of each part of the text should not be too many, and should generally be controlled within five levels. . The title within the article should be concise, clear, and occupy its own line. There should be two spaces before the beginning of the line and no punctuation at the end, except for question marks, exclamation marks, and ellipses.
4. Standards for the use of sequence words in each chapter of the text.
Sequential words refer to the words, words, serial numbers, letters, symbols, etc. used to mark logical levels or logical pauses in the text of the article.
(1) In the main text of the paper, you can generally choose to start from a certain level of sequence words according to the characteristics of the article. After the sequence words are selected, you should go down to the text one by one. The lower level has been selected. After starting a sequence with a hierarchical sequence, it is not advisable to use a higher-level sequence in turn.
(2) For sequence words in the same numerical form, those with parentheses should be located at the next level without parentheses.
Usually the first layer is Chinese numerals with pauses, such as "一,"; the second layer is Chinese numerals with brackets, such as "(一)"; and the third layer is Arabic numerals with dots, such as : "1. ", please note that the comma "," is not used here; the fourth level is Arabic numerals with parentheses, such as: "(1)"; the next level can be Arabic numerals with circles, such as: " ①", or lowercase Latin letters plus a footer, such as: "a.".
(3) The use of punctuation marks after the sequence must comply with the national standard "Standard [3]
< p>Relevant provisions of "Usage of Dot Symbols" (GB/T 15834-2011), that is: use the prefixes of "th" and "qi" as the sequence phrase, or use the words "first", "secondly" and "last" as the sequence phrase when followed by a comma; when Chinese numbers without brackets or "Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches" are used as a sequence, a pause is used; when Arabic numerals, Latin letters or Roman numerals without brackets are used as a sequence, followed by Use a dot "." (this symbol is a punctuation mark borrowed from a foreign language); do not use any period after the sequence of brackets; use Arabic numerals and a dot to indicate the relationship between chapters without any period at the end of the sequence. But a space of 1 Chinese character is required.Examples of using sequential words:
1....
(1)...
1....
(1)……
①/a.……
In recent years, the use of Arabic numerals has become popular in some academic journals. In this ordering method, the order words and titles of each level should be separated by a footer, and there should be a space after the last level. For example:
"3.1.2" is used to indicate the sequence before the second-level title of the first small question under the third big question in the text.
5. Use of language and characters
In academic papers, the use of language and characters must comply with the standards of modern Chinese, that is, except for special needs such as the collection of ancient books, citations, and historical document research. In addition, the use of old Chinese characters, variant characters and traditional Chinese characters should be avoided; the use of irregular abbreviations, self-made words, etc. should be avoided. The use of characters and words should be based on the 6th edition of "Modern Chinese Dictionary".
6. Use of punctuation marks
The use of punctuation marks must comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T15834-2011 "Usage of Punctuation Marks". For example: Except for opening quotation marks, opening brackets, dashes and ellipses, they cannot be used at the beginning of the line (except those automatically generated by the computer in the original manuscript); there is no period at the end of the text in the text and tables; writings, articles, documents, journals Book titles should be added to books, newspapers, regulatory documents, etc. There is no need to separate the two book titles with a comma; Chinese and foreign punctuation marks should not be mixed (foreign punctuation marks are not used in Chinese and Chinese punctuation marks are not used in foreign languages); foreign punctuation marks should be Follow the customary usage of foreign languages ??and cannot copy the usage of Chinese punctuation marks in foreign languages. For example, there is no book title number in English and the title of the book is in italics, so American Archivist cannot be "American Archivist".
7. Annotation of citations.
There are two types of quotations in the text: direct quotations and indirect quotations.
Direct quotation of another person’s original text is a direct quotation (direct quotation). Any direct quotation of the original text must use quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quoted original text, and the citation serial number must be marked immediately after the quotation marks, otherwise it will be regarded as plagiarism; if the punctuation mark at the end of the quotation is within the quotation range, it should be within the quotation marks, otherwise it should be It is located after the citation number; for multiple citations of the same reference, the citation number should also be numbered sequentially together with other citation numbers, rather than repeated into one citation number.
(1) Examples of citation serial numbers for direct quotations in the text: Some people think: "'Time-honored brand' is not only a commercial landscape, but also a cultural phenomenon inherited from history." [1]
Re-expressing other people’s words or opinions in your own language is an indirect quotation (indirect quotation). For indirect quotations, just put the citation serial number at the corresponding position of the quotation, and do not add quotation marks at the quotation.
The so-called "corresponding position of the citation" here can be the author's name, the title of the work, or the cited data, opinions, etc.
(2) Examples of citation numbers for indirect quotations in the text:
Some people say that if you re-express other people’s words or opinions in your own words, it is an indirect quotation. [2].
There is no need to use quotation marks here, but the source should be indicated, that is, the citation number should be marked at the citation in the text, and the references should be marked by serial number at the end of the text.
There is also a more special way of marking citations, that is, when quoting the entire paragraph or quoting the entire article, the citation is not in quotation marks, but the citation needs to be in a new paragraph, with the first line indented four spaces and the second line indented. Indent two spaces and change the font. This citation marking method is commonly used to quote entire paragraphs of text such as letters, diaries, and inscriptions. In addition, when quoting poems or charts, you can put them on a new line and center them without quotation marks.
8. Comments and their annotation rules.
Annotations refer to the annotations and explanations and explanatory text used in the text to explain and explain certain words, words, sentences, proper nouns and other specific content in the text.
The following principles should generally be followed when annotating annotations:
(1) Whether an academic paper annotates annotations should be based on the needs of the writing. When there are words, words, phrases, names of people, places, events, charts, formulas, documents, etc. in the writing that need further explanation and explanation, but there is no specific and accurate document source, annotations should be used.
(2) The serial numbers of notes in the text are different from those of references. Generally, rounded Arabic numerals should be used as superscripts to show the difference from references. The corresponding descriptions and explanatory text can be used as footnotes at the bottom of the page or as notes at the end of the text. However, whether footnotes or endnotes are used, they should be marked manually. Otherwise, once converted into plain text format during editing, modification or typesetting, all automatically marked content may be lost.
(3) If the paper is long, for the sake of easier reading, it is recommended to use the annotation method of superscript serial numbers and "footnotes" in the text. This method is more common in academic monographs; in journal articles It is also best to use numbering in the text plus "footnotes", which is easier to read. Try not to use numbering in the text plus "endnotes" unless there are many footnotes and it is difficult to typeset.
Generally speaking, annotations are commonly used in social science papers, especially papers involving ancient books or archeology. However, in principle, the number of notes in the text should be controlled. As long as the source can be identified, try to mark it in the form of references, because this is more scientific and rigorous.
3. The end of the text
1. References at the end of the article and their description rules.
References refer to a set of data that accurately and detailedly describes the sources of information or part of the information sources when writing or editing papers or works. It is located at the end of the article, the end of the book, or each chapter of the book. Accurate annotation of various elements such as the sources of information cited in the work will be provided to facilitate readers' retrieval, search and verification.
As for references, judging from the author’s many years of editing experience, the submitted manuscripts are not described in accordance with the rules stipulated in relevant national standards, the description items and description elements are incomplete, and the description format and description order are confusing. , incorrect use of symbols, and many errors in descriptions and other serious problems exist, accounting for about 95% of the submitted manuscripts. It can be seen that irregular reference marking is a common phenomenon in academic paper writing. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the issue of bibliography in detail here.
(1) Types of references.
Reference information resources include formal publications such as books, journals, newspapers, regulatory documents, and non-confidential internal materials. According to the purpose of using references in paper writing, references are mainly divided into two categories: citation references and reading references. Among them, citation-type references are divided into two types: direct citations and indirect citations. Both types of references must be clearly marked in the text (numbered) and at the end of the text; while reading-type references do not need to be marked.
(2) National standards that should be used to describe references.
The national standard for recording references is the "Rules for References[6] after the text" (GB/T 7714-2005). This is a standard for authors and editors to use. Reference bibliography rules have been commonly adopted by academic journals. Therefore, authors and editors, whether academic papers or scientific treatises, should follow these guidelines when recording references.
It should be noted that this standard is still a recommended standard and is currently being revised. It may be revised and renamed "Information and Documentation - Reference and Information Resource Citation Guide" next year. new standard. The new standard refers to the relevant provisions of the international standard ISO 690:2010 (E) "Information and Documentation - Guidelines for Citation of References and Information Resources". After its introduction, it will serve as the new national standard for reference descriptions of books, periodicals, academic papers, etc. in my country.
(3) Description of references at the end of the text.
The references at the end of the article (also known as the reference list) are a collection of annotations that are cited in the article, can be specifically checked, and indicate the various elements of the source of the document. Therefore, any ideas, doctrines, texts, formulas, charts, etc. that are directly or indirectly quoted in the writing of the paper should be fully and accurately labeled with complete and accurate source information in the references at the end of the article. The description format is to start a new paragraph at the end of the text, marked with the words "References:", under which all cited references that have been numbered in the text are clearly listed in order.
The labeling of each element of the reference document should strictly comply with the relevant provisions of the national standard, and you should not label it arbitrarily according to your own original habits. Otherwise, it cannot be segmented and identified during computer retrieval, and it will be regarded as an invalid reference, and the corresponding quoted text in the text will also be regarded as plagiarism.
(4) Sorting of references.
According to national standards, the reference numbers in the text and in the reference list at the end of the text should be sorted by Arabic numerals with square brackets "[ ]", such as: [1] [2] [3] ...; instead of sorting with Arabic numerals with round brackets "()", hexagonal brackets "〔〕" or square brackets "", let alone sorting with Chinese characters or Latin or Roman letters.
(5) The symbol of the reference carrier type.
The "Rules for Reference Documentation at the End of the Text" (GB/T 7714-2005) is a revised version of GB/T 7714-1987. The new national standard*** gives signs for 15 document carrier types. The symbols are:
General books-M, journals-J, newspapers-N, thesis-D, reports-R, standards-S, patents-P, conference proceedings-C, compilations-G , database-DB, computer program-CP, electronic bulletin-EB, archive-A, map-CM, other-Z.
In addition, four symbols of electronic document carriers are also given: tape -MT, disk-DK, optical disk-CD, online network-OL.
(6) Two points should be emphasized regarding the use of reference carrier type symbols:
① "A" is the symbol for "archives" stipulated in the new national standard revised in 2005. "A" originally refers to extracted documents in monographs and collections of papers. Now, "//" is used to mark extracted documents to indicate "from..." .
② If necessary, two symbols can be combined and used, such as: DB/OL-Online Database, J/OL-Online Journal, M/CD-Compact Disc Journal, etc.
(7) Examples of the basic format of reference description:
① Books.
Format: [serial number] Responsible person. Title [document carrier type]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication: corresponding page number.
For example:
[1] Feng Huiling. Introduction to Archives [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 2005: 84.
②Journal.
Format: [serial number] Responsible person. Title [document carrier type]. Journal title, issue: starting and ending page numbers.
For example:
[3] Feng Huiling. On the "people-friendly" strategy of archives [J]. Archives Research, 2005(1): 12-15.
③Extract the literature.
Format: [serial number] Responsible person. Title [document type] //Editor. Title of the collection of papers or reports, place of publication: publisher, year of publication: starting and ending page numbers.
For example:
[4]Michael Cook. The relationship between central and local archival institutions and society [R]// 1983, co-sponsored by UNESCO and the International Council on Archives. Documents and Archives Management Planning Project Annual Report [M]. Beijing: Archives Press, 1985: 33-48.
(8) Description of Western references.
When describing Western references, there are currently two principles that can be mastered: one is to refer to the Chinese reference format; the other is to describe according to Western conventions. However, no matter which format is adopted, the original Western text or the commonly used Chinese translation should be used as much as possible instead of the self-translated Chinese translation.
(9) Principle requirements for reference description.
① The references listed should preferably be official publications for readers to check; if they are non-confidential internal materials, all elements should be described as completely as possible according to the standards.
② The references listed in the reference list at the end of the article should include the serial number, responsible person, title of the work or article, document carrier, place of publication, publisher, edition (year of publication, issue Information elements such as issue), page number, etc. are fully labeled in order.
(10) Correctly understand and use reference segmentation symbols. In order to make the reference list concise and unified, GB/T 7714-2005 stipulates 9 reference segmentation symbols that should be used when describing. The symbols are: "." ":" "," ";" "//" "()" "[ ]" "/" "-".
Most of these symbols are transplanted into punctuation marks , but their function and usage are different from punctuation marks. They are a kind of prefix, placed before the corresponding description items or description elements, in order to individualize these items and elements to facilitate computer recognition and segmentation. ; and punctuation marks are postfixes, so glyphs cannot be used with an understanding of the usage of punctuation marks.
2. Mark the title and number of the topic.
For any scientific research project that has been approved by the relevant departments, the project paper should indicate the "project name" and "project number" on the first page or at the end of the paper. There are many ways to mark it, and it can be marked on the first page of the paper. It can be marked with asterisks and other symbols below the text, or it can be marked with "Fund Project:" or "[Fund Project]", or it can be marked with "Note:" at the end of the text, but no matter which method is used, the name and number of the project should be marked. Complete, and the annotation format should be consistent in the same journal. For example:
Note: This article is one of the results of the National Social Science Fund general project "The Development and Evolution of Chinese Document Nouns", project number: 14BTQ071.
3. Introduction to the author Label.
The author's introduction refers to a set of text that lists the name, date of birth, gender, ethnicity (Han nationality can be omitted), place of origin, professional title, degree, main research direction and other information of the main author of the paper.
Any academic paper submitted to a journal must have a brief introduction to the author. This is for the layout of academic papers when they are published, and there are clear requirements in the layout format of relevant academic journals. The author's introduction is generally located at the bottom of the homepage of the article, under "Fund Project" (or date of receipt), or it can also be listed under the reference list at the end of the article. The author's introduction should be marked with "Author's introduction:" or "[Author's introduction]", etc. The introductions of multiple authors should be separated by semicolons ";" and listed one after another.
4. Communication method.
The communication method is the communication and contact information provided by the author to the editorial department, including telephone number (mobile phone), email address, author's affiliation and detailed address, house number, postal code and other information, so that the editorial department can contact and modify the manuscript. The authors will be mailed samples of journals and paid remuneration. Some journals also require authors to provide their bank card numbers.
The communication method is usually attached at the end of the manuscript, but is not published with the paper. It is only to facilitate the communication between the editorial office and the author, so it should be noted in detail at the end of the article. Many authors do not pay attention to marking the communication method in their submissions, which brings inconvenience to the editorial department and even affects the adoption of the manuscript. Therefore, it is necessary to draw attention to this.