1, natural withdrawal method:
That is, drug addicts are not provided with special drugs for detoxification, and drug use is stopped rigidly, so that withdrawal symptoms naturally develop and subside, which is also called cold turkey method. The extreme period of withdrawal symptoms is about the third day, that is, 72 hours after detoxification, and then it begins to improve. After 7 ~ 10 days, most obvious symptoms disappeared and physical dependence was basically overcome. The application of natural avoidance has a long history. Today, in many countries, especially Southeast Asian countries, compulsory detoxification (withdrawal) is still widely implemented in compulsory detoxification institutions. This method is very simple. It takes the shortest time. Some people also think that letting drug addicts experience discomfort and pain will help them learn a lesson and stop recidivism. However, the natural withdrawal method has been applied all over the world for decades, and there is no effect of learning lessons and not recurring. On the contrary, drug addicts are afraid of drug rehabilitation institutions, try to avoid them and lose their enthusiasm for seeking medical treatment. Natural abstinence is not suitable for the elderly and infirm, and sometimes it may be life-threatening. However, for people who take drugs for a short time, have a small dosage and are not seriously dependent on their bodies, natural withdrawal can be adopted. Nothing is normal after detoxification. The symptoms of protracted withdrawal will subside after half a year or even a year, and drug addicts feel tortured at any time. The craving for drugs will lead to relapse sooner or later.
2, drug withdrawal method:
It is to use various anti-withdrawal drugs to alleviate the pain of drug addicts in the process of withdrawal, or to replace progressive treatment with other similar drugs.
Methadone substitution descent method.
Methadone is a synthetic anesthetic with pharmacological effects similar to morphine. Has long action time and good oral effect. These two characteristics make it the main drug to replace the decline method. Because it has no toxic effect on people's thinking and behavior, it is also used as methadone maintenance treatment. The side effects of methadone are similar to those of morphine. Common for constipation, sweating, sedation, sexual desire inhibition, women sometimes have edema of lower limbs. In addition to persistent constipation, other side effects can gradually adapt and become mild. Methadone also has euphoria, but not as strong as heroin. Methadone is a bitter white powder, which is easily soluble in water and ethanol. There are many ways of administration, and subcutaneous injection is irritating. Methadone injection for installation,10mg/ml. Special tablets for drug rehabilitation, each containing 3.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg and 40 mg. Insoluble excipients are added to methadone for detoxification to prevent drugs from being injected. Methadone syrup is mostly an oral preparation in China. Methadone tablets, capsules and oral liquid are also available. According to the guiding principles of commonly used drugs for opioid addiction issued by the Ministry of Health, the reduced oral dose was systematically treated. Most of them stopped taking drugs within 15 ~ 2O days, and stopped taking drugs within 2 1 day. Methadone is effective in controlling withdrawal symptoms, lasting for a long time, with a clinical effect of 24-36 hours and convenient administration. No serious side effects, repeated use can produce long-term clinical effects; Taking methadone for a long time can form physical dependence, psychological dependence and tolerance, so the addiction and abuse tendency of methadone can not be ignored, and a strict management system of methadone must be established to avoid its loss and transformation into drugs.
(2) Opioid decline method
Opioid drug decline method has been used for the longest time in China, which has obvious effect on getting rid of opioid dependence, is safe in clinical use and has few side effects, and is suitable for opioid or lighter heroin addicts. The dosage of opioid reduction method should be properly controlled, and it is not easy to stop gradually if the dosage is too large, and the purpose of relieving withdrawal symptoms can not be achieved if the dosage is too small. The initial dosage should be determined according to the years of medication, daily dosage, severity of withdrawal symptoms and dosage in the last two weeks, and then adjusted according to the situation of controlling withdrawal symptoms. Opioid decline method can usually be completed in about 10 days, and in some cases it may need to be extended to more than two weeks. In order to adjust the replacement dose for the first three days, it should be replaced with sufficient amount, and then reduced, and the reduced dose should be replaced with placebo. The specific usage shall be in accordance with the Guiding Principles for the Treatment of Common Drug Addiction promulgated by the Ministry of Health.
(3) buprenorphine reduction method
Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic derivative of thebaine. It is both an agonist and an antagonist of opium, with strong analgesic effect and long action time. Its analgesic intensity is about 100 times that of morphine. The analgesic activity is 25 times that of morphine, that is, 0.4 mg buprenorphine is equivalent to the analgesic intensity of 50 mg morphine. Its analgesic effect lasts for a long time, the injection can last for 6 ~ 8 hours, and the sublingual buccal tablet can last for 8 ~ 12 hours, which is about 1.5 ~ 3 times of the analgesic duration of morphine. Buprenorphine is absorbed rapidly, reaching the peak of blood concentration within a few minutes, which is mainly metabolized in the liver, excreted from bile and feces, and can penetrate the blood-brain and placental barrier. Compared with morphine and methadone, it is completely reliable and is an ideal drug for detoxification. Buprenorphine, like methadone, can better inhibit the emergence of withdrawal symptoms of opioid addicts. It can completely replace heroin and methadone in the clinical application of drug treatment without withdrawal symptoms. Different from methadone, buprenorphine does not increase its excitability when the dose increases beyond a certain range. As far as the possibility of drug abuse is concerned, buprenorphine is superior to methadone. The addiction of buprenorphine is lower than that of morphine and dolantin, while the mental dependence potential is equivalent to that of morphine. According to the literature about buprenorphine used in detoxification treatment of heroin addiction, the daily dose range abroad can be between 0.5 ~ 16 mg. In China's applied research report, buprenorphine muscle
Internal injection, usually the first dose is 0.3 ~ 0.6 mg. Observe for 30 minutes, depending on the control of withdrawal symptoms, and use 0.3 ~ 0.6 mg when necessary until the symptoms are controlled. The maximum dose was 0.9 ~ 1.2mg/ time; After that, intramuscular injection was given every 6 hours, the same as the first dose. On the third day, the dose decreased day by day, and the drug was stopped in about 10 days.
(4) Clonidine detoxification method
Clonidine, also known as clonine, was originally used as an antihypertensive drug; Many studies have proved its role in future drug therapy. As a non-opioid drug, clonine has been used as one of the conventional drugs in many detoxification institutions. Clonidine is a non-opioid drug, which is not addictive and does not produce euphoria. It can well inhibit the withdrawal symptoms of heroin and methadone during treatment. In the Guiding Principles for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction completely promulgated by 1993, clonine is listed as one of the drugs for drug rehabilitation and has been popularized.
(5) Chinese medicine detoxification method: Chinese medicine withdrawal medicine oral liquid. Beijing Qicaowang Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. has produced a patented product-traditional Chinese medicine detoxification oral liquid with the trade name of "Jingui honey juice", which belongs to 1 0,000% green plant high-efficiency detoxification drink and is developed by high technology. Special sugars and fruit acids extracted from plants, added with nutrients such as honey, can effectively relieve physical dependence on heroin in time, reduce psychological dependence on heroin, rapidly increase nutrition in the human body, improve resistance, enhance immune function, and adjust the metabolic balance of related endocrine functions in the body. It can regulate and restore neurotransmitter disorder. The curative effect of Jingui plant honey juice lies not only in controlling withdrawal symptoms, but also in the treatment and rehabilitation of protracted withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety and pain after detoxification, as well as the release of long-standing psychological thirst for drugs. Prolonged withdrawal symptoms are one of the main reasons leading to relapse, and it is also a difficult problem for western medicine to stop drug addiction. Jingui plant honey juice series drinks give full play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing recurrence. According to the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment, comprehensively regulate the body and mind, reconstruct the circadian rhythm, make the disordered system tend to balance as soon as possible, and thus get rid of drugs completely.
3. Non-drug withdrawal methods:
It refers to a detoxification method using acupuncture, physiotherapy instrument and psychological consultation. Relieve the withdrawal symptoms of drug addicts. It is characterized by alleviating the pain of drug addicts' withdrawal symptoms through auxiliary means and "psychological suggestion" to achieve the purpose of detoxification. The disadvantage is that it takes a long time and the consolidation is not thorough.