Actually, there's nothing to say about this. If you are a professional, it is easy to understand a plane construction drawing.
But I'd better show you the authority of pingfa.
I. Overview:
1, the generation of flat method:
Traditional domestic design methods are inefficient and the quality is difficult to control. Japan's structural drawings do not have detailed details of joint structure, and the detailed details of joint structure are redesigned by the construction company (construction unit), so the design efficiency is high and the quality is guaranteed. The structural design of the United States only gives the reinforcement area, and the specific reinforcement method is done by the construction company. Therefore, the traditional design method in China must be reformed.
2, flat method principle:
Design process: design structural system > structural analysis (mechanical analysis) > structural construction drawing design.
Structural design is a kind of commodity, which has use value and is a special commodity. It can be divided into creative labor and repetitive labor (non-creative labor). At present, the structural engineer completes the creative design part (creative labor), and the node structure and the structure outside the node are not the results of the structural engineer's labor, but the copied specifications. (Note: The node structure can't be worked out, but it has been tested by researchers. The traditional one-component orthographic representation confuses creative work with non-creative work, and the design of internal and external structures of nodes belongs to repetitive work (non-creative work). Based on this, the idea of structural standardization and structural standardization has emerged, and creative design is expressed by digital and symbolic expression, that is, plane overall expression. The overall design method of plane includes two parts: representation and standard drawing. After the standardization of joint structure, the labor force of construction company increased.
3, the application of flat method:
199 1 September, leveling method began to be applied to projects in Shandong, and leveling method began to be popularized. The structural drawing is applicable to all parts, and it is on the floor plan, so it is convenient to go anywhere. After the introduction of the Ping Law, there were three kinds of people: those who resolutely supported, resolutely opposed and made no statement. Later, they contributed patents to the country and became national standards.
Flat method is for professionals engaged in structural design and construction, which improves the scientific and technological content and prevents non-professionals from understanding it. The reform of design methods has also promoted the improvement of the technical level of construction units. Flattening method is a revolution in the field of structural design, which can improve the efficiency by more than two times and improve the unreasonable staffing situation of structural departments in China. At present, there are 3 architects and structural engineers 1 person.
Second, the column flat method:
1, define the problem:
(1) The embedded parts refer to the basement roof, and the structures below the ground (including the basement) are classified as foundation structures (to be published in the atlas). The stirrups below the embedded parts are also included in the foundation structure, and are not included in this drawing set.
(2) The total cross-section of column reinforcement is column cross-section area b×h, and the total cross-section of beam reinforcement is effective cross-section area b×h0, where h0 is the value after 35mm single-row reinforcement and 60mm double-row reinforcement of beam high buckle.
(3) The protective layer protects a surface and a line, not a point. Let all steel bars complete the 360 wrapping of concrete.
2, steel problems:
(1) Steel bars should be overlapped in the non-encrypted area of stirrups. In the case of full-height encryption, the above provisions can be broken, avoiding both ends and connecting in the middle area. When welding column rebar, the grade difference between two rebar shall not exceed two levels. If the grade difference exceeds two levels, it can be replaced by equal parts.
(2) When two steel bars cross *, two steel bars are allowed to lean together, because the points lean together, and the line and surface are considered in the grip method.
(3) When the column top falls, the steel bars will be directly connected. If there is no beam at the top of the column, 12d bending is not needed. As far as possible, the column reinforcement shall be closed in the node style as shown in Figure B, and the edge shall be closed outwards, so as to reduce the degree of reinforcement blockage in the column, and the column reinforcement can be effectively closed.
(4) The combination of column stirrups is very reasonable, and there are no more than two layers of steel bars at any local overlapping position, so as to minimize the probability and length of two steel bars appearing side by side. Because there is a hidden seam in the middle when two steel bars appear side by side, there is a hidden danger, and the concrete cannot support the steel bar 360. Column stirrup is wrapped with the largest stirrup first, and the rest can be all braced, and the main reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement must be pulled.
(5) The concept of lacing is different from that of single-limb stirrup, and it is not necessary to hook all the steel bars (longitudinal bars and transverse bars), but lacing must hook all the steel bars.
Three, the shear wall flat method:
1, define the problem:
Shear walls resist lateral horizontal earthquakes, and the seismic thinking is: shear wall-> column (1 line -> 2 line). Corner reinforcement is not allowed to overlap at the corner. The reinforcement should match the edge as far as possible to form end columns and concealed columns, which are also part of the shear wall. The reinforcement areas at the bottom of the shear wall reinforcement do not overlap.
2, steel problems:
(1) The stirrups that constrain the edge members are large, but the stirrups that construct the edge members are small. When the concealed column of the shear wall is very long, the horizontal reinforcement and stirrup of the shear wall extend to the end of the shear wall, unless otherwise specified by the designer. The horizontal bar of shear wall extends into the end column by an anchoring length (refer to the frame column for end column calculation).
(2) The beam at the top of the shear wall is the top beam of the wall, and the stirrups are inserted into the wall. The horizontal layer of shear wall must be placed on the outside, and the vertical reinforcement should be placed on the inside.
(3) Stirrup of concealed beam: the vertical reinforcement of shear wall and stirrup of concealed beam are on the same horizontal plane. The frame beam enters the shear wall to form the frame beam BKL.
(4) Cross-braced stirrups According to the labeling and structural requirements, cross-braced stirrups are half of the wall thickness, and cross-braced steel bars are used when the wall is thin. Try to use thick column reinforcement, not too thick beam reinforcement.
(5) portal reinforcement and horizontal reinforcement of shear wall: the horizontal reinforcement is fastened to reinforce the longitudinal reinforcement, and the reinforcement should not be placed outside; Strengthening transverse steel bar with vertical steel bar buckle column. The reinforcement of the opening is placed inside the horizontal and longitudinal reinforcement of the shear wall. The hole reinforced dark beam is 400 meters high, which is the middle to medium size of stirrups (two stirrups should be added when calculating), and the width is the same as that of dark Liang Kuan. The longitudinal reinforcement of shear wall is anchored in the hidden beam of reinforcement, which is a rigid strip and forms a complete edge sealing.
(6) Coupling beam: a kind of beam used on shear wall, which is divided into floor coupling beam (floor coupling beam) and roof coupling beam (wall top coupling beam). Coupling beam and coupling beam are not bounded, and coupling beam is not used in flat method. Tension beam is a special kind of beam, not a frame.