Farmers want to borrow money, what can they use as collateral?
As we all know, agriculture is greatly affected by natural disasters, climate and economic situation, and its ability to resist risks is weak, and farmers' income is unstable. Agriculture is faced with natural risks, market risks and policy risks, which determine that farmers are not the natural targets pursued by for-profit institutions such as banks.
A person in charge of the credit department of rural credit cooperatives in northwest China told this reporter that in their jurisdiction, farmers' loans are divided into credit loans and secured loans. Credit loans do not need collateral and pledge. Under normal circumstances, rural credit cooperatives will evaluate the farmers within their jurisdiction, and give certain credit lines according to their production and operation, work conditions and income, generally within 654.38+10,000 yuan to support their agricultural production, such as purchasing chemical fertilizers, building greenhouses and purchasing agricultural machinery and equipment. "You can think of it as a credit card," the person said. However, secured loans are generally used to support farmers' business activities, such as setting up workshops and factories, and transporting and selling agricultural products after they are produced, which is generally more than 654.38+10,000 yuan. At this time, farmers need to find their own guarantors or guarantee companies. "The general guarantor is a public official, and we will recognize it."
A person from the Central Rural Commercial Bank told the newspaper that if the amount is not high, the farmers' loans of the bank are mainly guaranteed, that is, farmers find their own guarantors. "They will find the village head, village party secretary or other village cadres as guarantors. Village cadres are relatively familiar with the character, management and economic situation of these farmers, or they are looking for civil servants and teachers. " In addition to looking for a guarantor, the bank also implements the mode of joint guarantee for several households, which is similar to the ancient "sitting together" and is jointly guaranteed by Party A, Party B and Party C. If Party A fails to repay the loan, the responsibilities shall be borne by Party B and Party C.. "If farmers have houses and cars in the county, they can also be used as collateral."
A person in charge of a coastal rural commercial bank told this newspaper that there are currently four ways for farmers to lend money. The first is credit; The second is the guarantee, that is, your spouse, children, third parties, etc. ; The third is the pledge of deposit certificates; The fourth is the real estate with warrants, such as real estate and cars. And the registered land contractual management right can also be mortgaged.
In the reform of the scope of collateral, developed regions seem to go further.
It is understood that Taizhou Branch of Postal Savings Bank has innovatively launched agricultural loan products such as land contractual management rights, family farm loans and farmers' professional cooperative loans. At the same time, agricultural machinery purchase subsidies, large grain orders, forest rights, farming pond lease rights, offshore fishing boats, etc. Will be included in the scope of collateral.
Shaanxi Yangling Rural Commercial Bank is carrying out the pilot work of agricultural biological assets mortgage. Materials produced by farmers, plants such as apples and kiwis, and animals such as pigs, cows and sheep can all be used as collateral. In addition, Yangling Rural Commercial Bank also tried to include agricultural intellectual property rights and patents of agriculture-related enterprises and large-scale agricultural equipment and facilities in the scope of collateral. The agricultural biological assets mortgage of Yangling Rural Commercial Bank mainly adopts the floating mortgage financing operation mode of "bank+insurance+enterprise". Yangling Rural Commercial Bank stipulates that living animals and plants that can be identified as collateral must meet the following conditions and must obtain the quarantine certificate of living animals issued by the district animal husbandry department; The value of biological assets has reached a certain scale, and the assessed value is not less than 654.38+10,000 yuan; Participate in policy agricultural insurance; Obtain sales orders or forward delivery contracts. Banks and relevant evaluation institutions evaluate the existing and future properties (collateral) of borrowers, and determine the loan amount according to the mortgage rate of about 60%. The mortgagor and mortgagee shall apply for the mortgage of live animals at the District Animal Husbandry Bureau, register fruit trees and seedlings at the District Agricultural and Forestry Bureau, and file with the Property Rights Exchange Center.
What are the difficulties in expanding the scope of collateral?
On February 1 1, the People's Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on the Revitalization of Rural Financial Services (hereinafter referred to as the Guiding Opinions).
The Guiding Opinions put forward that we should actively broaden the scope of agricultural and rural collateral. We will promote credit business such as mortgage of factory buildings and large-scale agricultural machinery, pens and live livestock and poultry, pledge of movable property, pledge of warehouse receipts and accounts receivable, and agricultural policy financing, and promote the formation of an all-round and diversified financing model for rural assets mortgage and pledge in accordance with laws and regulations. Actively and steadily carry out forest right mortgage loans and explore innovative mortgage loan models. Encourage enterprises and farmers to solve the problem of insufficient funds for the purchase and renewal of large agricultural machinery, production equipment and processing equipment through financial leasing business.
Many people from rural commercial banks admitted in an interview with this newspaper that the biggest difficulty in expanding the scope of collateral lies in the realization of collateral.
"For example, if you mortgage the fruit trees to the bank, the bank won't care, and no one can take over. These fruit trees died in a year and have no value at all. Isn't this the bad debt of the bank? Machinery and equipment are mortgaged to banks, which cannot sell them. Finally, there is a pile of scrap iron, which has no value. " The above-mentioned northwest rural credit cooperatives said.
In addition to the realization of collateral, the valuation of collateral is also a difficult point at present. Professor Jian Luo Chao, director of Shaanxi Rural Financial Policy Research Center and director of the Institute of Rural Finance of Northwest A&F University, has been studying rural financial issues for a long time. He said that with animals and plants as collateral, the value of animals and plants in infancy, growth and maturity is different, and the possible risks caused by climate and natural factors, diseases and epidemic prevention need to establish a dynamic evaluation system. "The trouble for banks is to find a new successor," said Luo Jianchao.
The above-mentioned rural commercial banks in the central region said that the unprofessional and chaotic management of the evaluation institutions is also one of the reasons why the scope of collateral cannot be expanded. The current evaluation agencies are too messy. As long as you have connections or money, you can issue a report. Less valuable things can be said to be two or three times the value. On the surface, the evaluation process is appropriate, but privately, many operations are problematic. Without a credible evaluation agency, banks can't trust the evaluation results and naturally can't lend.
Luo Jianchao believes that there are three criteria for the effectiveness of collateral. First, it meets the requirements of banks and can be registered and pursued; Second, the property rights of rural farmers are clear; Third, it is easy to realize and can be traded.