Pipa (pí pá) is called "the king of folk music", "the king of plucking" and "the first plucked instrument". Pluck a stringed instrument. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was introduced into the mainland from India through Qiuci. Wooden. The loudspeaker is half pear-shaped and has four strings. Originally made of silk thread, it is now made of steel wire and nylon. The neck and panel have "phase" and "product" for determining phonemes. Hold it vertically when playing, press the string with your left hand and play with your right finger. It is an important national musical instrument for solo, accompaniment and ensemble. Pipa is currently divided into ten grades, and it will take several years to learn all the grades. The so-called pipa in history not only refers to musical instruments with pear-shaped sounding boxes, but also refers to all kinds of plucked instruments with similar shapes and different sizes, such as, yueqin, Ruan, etc., which can be said to be pipa instruments. Their names "Pi" and "Pa" are based on the right-handed skills of playing these instruments. Pipa and arpeggio are the names of two playing techniques. Pipa right hand plays forward, arpeggio right hand plays backward. Pipa is the main plucked instrument with a long history in China. After the improvement of the performer, the shape tends to be unified, and it has become a four-string pipa with six phases and twenty-four products. Pipa has a wide range of musical instruments, its playing skills are the first of national instrumental music, and its expressive force is the richest instrument in folk music. When playing, each finger of the left hand presses the strings of the corresponding grade, and the right hand wears celluloid (or tortoise shell) to pluck the strings.
Edit the historical source of this paragraph.
pipa
Pipa, also known as "Pipa", was first recorded by Liu Xi in Han Dynasty. Interpretation of musical instruments: "Those were originally Hu Zhong's, and they immediately played drums. Say yes when you push your hand, and say yes when you pull it, just like when you drum, because you feel famous. " In other words, the pipa is a musical instrument that is played on a horse. It is called a batch when it is ejected forward and a handle when it is picked back. According to its performance characteristics, it is named "batch handle". In ancient times, knocking, striking, bouncing and beating were all called drums. At that time, nomadic people were good at playing pipa on horseback, so they "immediately beat drums." It was not until the Wei and Jin Dynasties that it was officially called "Pipa". Pipa evolved from straight-necked pipa and curved-necked pipa in history. According to historical records, the straight-necked pipa appeared earlier in China. "Qin Hanzi" in Qin and Han Dynasties is a kind of pipa with a straight handle and a straight neck, which was developed from the cymbals at the end of Qin Dynasty. Ruan is a round wooden musical instrument with four strings and twelve columns, which is played vertically by hand. Ruan Xianshan played this instrument in the Jin Dynasty, so it is commensurate with its name, which is today's Ruan. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, cultural exchanges were conducted with the western regions through the Silk Road, and the music pipa was introduced from Persia to China via today's Xinjiang. Qupipa is pear-shaped, with four strings and four phases (without columns), and it is played horizontally with a pick. It prevailed in the Northern Dynasties and spread to the southern Yangtze River basin in the first half of the 6th century. Among the nine or ten pieces of music in Sui and Tang Dynasties, pipa became the main musical instrument, which played an important role in the development of song and dance art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. From Dunhuang murals and Yungang stone carvings, we can still see its position in the band at that time. In the 5th and 6th centuries, with the strengthening of commercial and cultural exchanges between China and western countries, a musical pipa was introduced from Central Asia, which was then called "Hupipa". Its shape is a curved neck, pear-shaped speaker, with four pillars and four strings, much like Ud or UD common in Arab countries now, or Barbat in ancient Persia. Hold the pipa horizontally and play it with a pick. Modern pipa evolved from this kind of music. In the Tang Dynasty (7th-9th century), the development of pipa reached a peak. At that time, pipa was indispensable from court band to folk singing, and it became a very popular musical instrument at that time, and it was in a dominant position in the band. This grand occasion is recorded in a large number of China's ancient poems. For example, Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, vividly described the performance and acoustic effect of pipa in his famous poem Pipa: "The big strings are like rain, and the small strings are like secret words. Buzzing, whispering-then mixing together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade. " By the late Tang Dynasty, the pipa had made great progress from playing techniques to production structure. The most outstanding innovation in playing techniques is that the horizontal grip is changed to the vertical grip, and the finger playing directly replaces the pick playing. The most obvious change in the structure of pipa is the increase from four phonemes to sixteen (that is, four phases and twelve tones). At the same time, its neck is widened, and the lower box is narrowed from wide to narrow, which is convenient for the left hand to press the phoneme. Due to the above two reforms, pipa playing technology has been developed unprecedentedly. According to statistics, there are fifty or sixty fingerings of pipa. To sum up, the right-hand fingering is divided into two systems: one is the wheel fingering system, and the other is the snapping system. Left-handed fingering is also divided into two systems: one is shiatsu system, and the other is push-pull system. By the 5th century A.D./KLOC, a number of Wu Qu, represented by House of Flying Daggers and Farewell My Concubine, and Wen Qu, represented by Moon Height, Love for Spring and Zhao Jun Complaint, had appeared in Pipa. The so-called Wu Qu is characterized by realism and the use of right-handed skills; The so-called Wen Qu is characterized by lyricism and the use of left-handed skills. These pieces of music have become the treasures of China national music and pipa art.
Pipa is traditionally pentatonic. By the time of the Republic of China, the piano code had been increased according to the law of twelve averages. At present, the standard pipa has 30 pieces in eight phases, and its expressive force and adaptability have been greatly strengthened. It can play not only traditional music, but also western and modern works, which is conducive to cooperation with symphony orchestras. This has created conditions for further development. In the middle and late 20th century, the art of pipa had a new development. In the production of pipa, the original silk strings were changed into nylon steel strings, and some even used silver strings, which increased the volume and * * * degrees of pipa. In terms of techniques, the use of left thumb and chords has greatly improved the expressive force of pipa again. As a result, a large number of excellent solo works combining traditional music and modern composition theory have emerged, as well as duets of various instruments and pipa concertos of small bands and symphony orchestras. Entering the 2 1 century, the pipa not only returned to its heyday in China, but also attracted more and more attention from music lovers all over the world. Many traditional music and contemporary works are loved by Chinese and foreign audiences. It can be said that the pipa has begun to move towards the international music scene. Play stringed instruments. Liu Xi's explanation of the name is called "Pai Handle": "Pai Handle originated in the middle of the lake and was immediately drummed. Pushing hands was approved before, and when you hold hands, it is called a handle, just like its drum, because of its name. " After approval, it was rewritten as a pipa. From this point of view, pipa is derived from pictophonetic characters. About the 4th century AD, there were pear-shaped speakers, curved necks, four pillars (now called phase or product) and four strings. String instruments played with plectrum were introduced to the north from India through the western regions. Because its head is bent back, it is different from the straight neck round neck lute that was circulated at that time, so it is called the famous piano. Sui Shu? Chronicle of Music: "Today's music is a pipa, a noble disciple, and it comes from the western regions, not an ancient China." Because it comes from Qiuci, it is also called Qiuci Pipa, Tiger Pipa or Huqin. After the Song Dynasty, it was called Pipa. In modern times, the old four-phase pipa with 10, 12 and 13 grades was basically not used, and it was replaced by six-phase pipa with 18, 24, 25 and 28 grades. Arrange according to the law of twelve averages. The back of the pipa is made of rosewood, rosewood and rosewood, and two transverse sound beams and three sound columns are built in the abdomen, which are bonded to the panel. The hand mask is made of mahogany, ox horn, ivory or old bamboo, and there is a sound hole inside, also called "Yin Na". The first part of the piano is engraved with words such as longevity, music, bat, ruyi and phoenix tail, and some of them are inlaid with jade and precious stones. The neck of the piano is called the phoenix neck, which is connected with the chord groove and the mountain pass. Stick a phoenix pillow on the front and a phoenix pillow on the back. It is made of ox horn, mahogany, ivory or jade. The product is made of bamboo, mahogany, ox horn and ivory, which is the symbol of phoneme. The total length is about 96 cm. There are twelve kinds of pipa tunes, and the commonly used tunes are A, D, E, A .. Pipa ranges from A to A-G3, with six phases and twenty-eight notes. The right hand has fingering such as playing, picking, pinching, rolling, double-playing, double-picking, dividing, hooking, rubbing, buckling, brushing, wheel and half-wheel, and the left hand has skills such as rubbing, reciting, picking up, knocking, virtual pressing, twisting strings, overtones, pushing, pulling, pulling and filling. You can play various chords and chords. It is widely used to accompany national bands and various local operas and quyi. Famous music includes House of Flying Daggers, Overlord Dismantling Armor, Moonlight in Xunyang, Chun Xue, Moon Height, Spring Rain, Boarding Zhao Jun, Moonlight on a Spring River, Swan in the Sea, Concerto of the Five Strong Men in Langya Mountain, Little Sisters of the Grassland Heroes, etc.
Edit this paragraph of pipa development
pipa
During the development of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, cultural exchanges were carried out with the western regions through the Silk Road, and music pipa was introduced from Persia to China via today's Xinjiang. Qupipa is pear-shaped, with four strings and four phases (without columns), and it is played horizontally with a pick. It prevailed in the Northern Dynasties and spread to the southern Yangtze River basin in the first half of the 6th century. From the Northern Qi Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it was the first peak in the development history of pipa. The Pipa family in Cao Shi, which originated from Cao State (now northeast of Samarkand, Uzbekistan), is one of the outstanding representatives. For example, Cao Miaoda from the Northern Qi Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty was crowned king in the Northern Qi Dynasty for playing pipa well. After entering the Sui Dynasty, he was appointed as a court musician and taught pipa skills in Le Tai. Among the nine or ten pieces of music in Sui and Tang Dynasties, pipa became the main musical instrument, which played an important role in the development of song and dance art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. From Dunhuang murals and Yungang stone carvings, we can still see its position in the band at that time. The Tang Dynasty was the peak of the development of pipa, and a large number of pipa players and music emerged, such as Cao Bao, his son Cao Shancai and Sun Caogang, who all lived in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. They are all famous pipa players and are highly praised by the world. The poet praised their superb skills. Cao Gang's right hand is vigorous and powerful, and Pei Xingnu, who is also famous, plays the strings delicately with his left hand. Father Pei, a famous "Five-string" performer in Shule, Western Regions, was one of the most valued court musicians of Emperor Taizong, and initiated the pipa fingering method. Kang Kunlun is known as the first hand of pipa, and Duan Shanben is a famous Buddhist musician. After competing with Kangkunlun Pipa, he entered the court and became a royal musician. Tong Dian, a friend of the Tang Dynasty, said: "The geisha is Le Yan, who is mainly pipa, so it is called pipa music." In the literature records and poems of the Tang Dynasty, there are many wonderful chapters describing pipa music, which shows that the pipa playing skills at that time were highly developed and the expressive force was very rich.
Pipa (20 pipa) consists of "head" and "body" The club head includes chord groove, chord shaft and mountain pass. The fuselage includes phase, taste, sound box, hand cover and other parts. The head of a pipa consists of a chord groove, four hammers (chords) and a mountain pass. The upper end of the pipa body is also called "neck", that is, "phase". The upper end of the neck is called "pillow" and the middle and lower part is called "taste". In ancient times, phase sum product was called "column", which was a phoneme device. The middle and lower part of the fuselage is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, and the bottom is semi-circular hollow, that is, the sound box; The grade is glued to the panel made of phoenix tree, and the four strings are tied in the four holes of the hand cover. There is a small hole on the panel in the center of the hand cover, which is called "sound receiving hole" or "sound outlet hole". The back of the body is called "Pipa Back", the upper end of the back is connected with the head, the middle and lower part of the back is bonded with the panel, and the abdomen has two rungs and several sound columns, which are placed in a certain position; The base materials are rosewood, black material, old mahogany, rosewood, fragrant mahogany and so on. They are all top grades, while white wood is a popular product, because rosewood, mahogany and other wood are good at making natural overtones when playing with them. Pipa is composed of six phases and twenty-four tones, which constitutes the twelve-average law and has a wide range. One string is made of steel wire, and the second, third and fourth strings are made of nylon wrapped with steel rope. Pipa sounds very special, and overtones rank first among all kinds of musical instruments at all times and in all countries. Not only is the volume loud, but the sound quality is crisp and bright. At the same time, the pitch of the pipa is accompanied by rich overtones, which can make the sound of the piano less attenuated and penetrating. When playing in a calm and empty place, the sound of the piano when playing heavy notes with it can spread two or three miles away. The pronunciation characteristics of high-quality pipa are: strong penetration (small attenuation and long spread). The treble is bright and hard, the midrange is soft and moist, and the bass is pure and sincere. In Pipa, the big strings are like rain, the small strings are like dense, humming, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering, flickering. Twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, twinkle, and "four strings in unison, like spinning" is no longer a poet's artistic exaggeration, but a veritable performance effect of contemporary pipa.
kind
One, five-stringed pipa two. Four-string pipa (called music pipa in Japan) III. Nanyin Pipa IV. Xiangpa, Yuepa, treble pipa, electric pipa V. Crystal pipa.
Five-stringed Pipa: At the turn of the Han and Wei Dynasties, musicians from the western regions were introduced to China from India through the Silk Road. The earliest records can be found in Sui Shu's music records. It prevailed in the Central Plains in the 5th and 6th centuries. Later it spread to the south of our country. During the five hundred years from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the five-stringed pipa became popular and became the main musical instrument of Xiliang, Qiuci, Tianzhu, Shule, Anguo and Koryo in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the works of many poets such as Zhang Hu and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty, there are descriptions about banjo. The structure of the five-stringed pipa is roughly the same as that of the ancient four-stringed pipa, but it was no longer used in the Song Dynasty and replaced by the four-stringed pipa. In the Tang Dynasty, many kinds of musical instruments were introduced to Japan from China. Among them, the mother-of-pearl rosewood pipa, which was introduced to Japan in 756 AD, is hidden in the Masakura Yard of Toda Temple in Nara, Japan. This five-stringed pipa made of rosewood is decorated with mother-of-pearl, and its belly is embedded with the pattern of camel rider touching the pipa. Become a rare treasure in the world art treasure house. In 1930s, Shanghai Datong Music Club made a five-string pipa, with three frets on the right and two frets on the left, and changed the harmony of chords and added a bass string. Because of the war and other reasons, this five-string pipa has been lost. In recent years, in the aspect of pipa reform, there are explorations to reduce the chord distance on the four-string pipa and increase the bass string on the five-string pipa. In order to keep the traditional shape of the pipa, the newly added bass D (or E) string is tied to the head of the instrument (the center above the string groove). This five-string pipa has expanded the bass range, enriched the timbre, improved the playing skills, and opened up new prospects for the creation and performance of pipa music. (Note: Today, Mr. Fang Jinlong is good at playing the five-string pipa. )
Nanyin Pipa: Pipa has been handed down from generation to generation, and it has changed to varying degrees in appearance, specifications, playing posture and so on. Nanyin Pipa is named after playing folk music "Fujian Nanyin". Pipa has developed into a vertical embrace since the Tang Dynasty, but Fujian Nanyin has always maintained an ancient horizontal embrace posture, so it is also known as the "horizontal embrace pipa". Nanyin Pipa is popular in southern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province. It is one of the main instruments for playing Fujian Nanyin and plays a leading role in the band. It is often matched with Nanyin Dong Xiao to play the melody of the music together, which makes the light and euphemistic Fujian Nanyin full of strong local characteristics. The structure of Nanpa is exactly the same as that of Pipa. The length of the piano is 93 ~ 104 cm, the lute head is phoenix-tailed, the neck is curved, and the sounding box is pear-shaped, but the abdomen is wide. The backboard used to be hollowed out of pine, but now it has been made of harder wood. The panel is made of paulownia, which is called "spring plate" locally. There are four accessories on the front of the neck, and the middle and upper parts of the panel are horizontally glued with 10 notes, mostly made of ivory, hawksbill or bamboo, which are called "notes". There is a crescent-shaped sound hole on both sides of the product, which is called "spring hole". The string under the panel is relatively large. With four strings, from low to high, they are called bus, three-wire, two-wire and sub-wire. General tuning is (d, g, a, d 1). Nanpa's playing style is simple and unique, and its rhyme has the taste of ringing a bell. Playing skills mainly include playing, plucking, flicking (fast plucking), fingering, tapping, backward, half-jumping, pressing the sound, nailing the finger (equivalent to holding the pipa vertically), falling the finger quickly and falling the finger slowly. There are also many popular pipa varieties, which are divided into advanced, intermediate and popular pipa according to material, technology and sound quality. The number of periods and products can be divided into four 10 products, six 18 products, 24 products, 25 products and 28 products.
Pipa: On the basis of pipa, the back plate originally used for acoustic reflection is thinned to make it vibrate, and the string is tied up and moved up and down to increase the volume of the piano. Cello tuning can also be used. Can participate in band performances, most suitable for playing large-scale national orchestral works with modern themes. Strong penetrating power, extremely difficult to be concealed by other musical instruments. But it is not widely known.
Yuepa: It has the advantages of both Yueqin and Pipa. It can be set and played according to the traditional method of pipa, or it can be set and played with violin. The pronunciation of "Yuepa" is more powerful than that of Yueqin, with its loud volume, pure sound quality, crisp, full and bright voice, which is most suitable for Beijing opera accompanied by Jinghu.
High-pitched pipa: the upper right part of the piano body is crescent-shaped, and there are sound holes and sound windows on the ventral surface. The sound column in the piano is adjustable, and the pronunciation is one octave higher than that of the ordinary pipa. Balanced high and low tones, beautiful timbre.
Electric Pipa: The national style of the original Pipa is maintained in appearance, except that some electrical components are installed on the piano box panel, and the pickup is placed under the strings close to the strings. The vibration of the strings is converted into electrical signals by electromagnetic induction, and then sounds are produced by power amplifiers and speakers. In order to avoid reverberation caused by * * * vibration, the electric pipa increases the thickness of the panel, reduces the volume of the * * * speaker, and has a purer sound quality. The electronic pipa is soft, beautiful, crystal clear and expressive.
Crystal Pipa: It was pioneered by Zhao Cong and has been patented, which shocked the music industry. It is made of high-grade glass, and an electric speaker is installed on the piano panel. The timbre is clear and bright, but the aftersound is not long.
Pipa in various countries
North Korea pipa North Korea is also called lute plucked instrument pipa, which was straight-necked at that time. Later Silla introduced the Tang Pipa from the Tang Dynasty in China. For the sake of distinction, the existing pipa is called "hometown pipa" and the imported Tang-style pipa is called "Tang Pipa". According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in Silla music, three stringed instruments, namely Xuanqin, Ga Ya Qin and Pipa, and three wind instruments, namely Judas, Zhong You and Xiaoyou, are collectively called "three strings and three bamboos". At that time, the pipa was played with a pick made of tortoise shells.
Japanese Pipa During the Asuka period, Japan introduced China's five-stringed pipa in the Tang Dynasty and the four-stringed pipa in the Nara era. In the early days of heian period, the five-stringed pipa was still used, and the four-stringed pipa was called "Le Pipa" by the Japanese, which was one of the elegant musical instruments in Japan. Play with a half-open fan pick. Later, Pingjia Pipa, Blind Monk Pipa, Tang Pipa, Satsuma Pipa and Zhu Qian Pipa were developed. Vietnamese Pipa Vietnamese Pipa was also introduced from China, and it is called "playing the pipa", which is commonly used in gagaku and played with fingers.
Ryukyu Pipa Ryukyu Pipa was introduced from Fujian, China. It not only has the characteristics of Fujian Nanyin Pipa, such as thin neck, four-phase nine-needle, and phoenix eye, but also has the characteristics of Japanese Pipa. Four-phase, round like a horizontal tube, with nine needles on the web, which is quite low. Five needles are long and four needles are short, so you can play with your fingers. It is characterized by a ring line in the abdomen, which makes the piano body loud and clear when shaking.