Content of enterprise informatization
The basic contents of enterprise informatization are: widely applying information technology, speeding up the upgrading of enterprise products and improving market competitiveness. Popularize computer-aided design and manufacturing technology to improve the automation of production process. Establish management information system and decision support system, promote enterprise production technology and management informatization, and improve the overall quality of enterprises. Three aspects of enterprise informatization: the first is the automation of production process and product design; Second, information transmission, inter-departmental cooperation and automation of work system application; Informatization of production, circulation or service and networking of business activities; The third is information management, including the informationization of the whole management process of people, finance, goods, supply, production and sales.
Three stages in the process of enterprise informatization construction
Enterprise informatization construction is to use information technology to integrate information into all aspects of enterprise research, design, procurement, production, inventory and sales, and adopt more advanced management ideas to manage enterprises. * * * is divided into three stages:
1. Financial management informationization, enterprise office automation and production process automation. At this stage, enterprises introduce certain computer-aided systems, establish basic information technology application platforms and facilities, and realize the informationization of production process, enterprise office and financial management.
2. Management informatization. It integrates and manages the logistics, capital flow and information flow of the enterprise, so that the information of different departments in the enterprise can be transmitted in time and effectively. Software function modules include financial management, fixed assets management, procurement management, sales management, inventory management, cost control and human resource management. Other enterprises use ERP to integrate the information transmission in all aspects of the enterprise, which greatly improves the timeliness and accuracy of information.
3. E-commerce. Enterprises establish e-commerce websites, actively participate in the cooperation of the whole supply chain, maximize the use of external resources, and maximize the proliferation by using innovative business models.
In the modern society where information technology is changing with each passing day and the market is changing rapidly, enterprises can only keep ahead in the competition by constantly changing. In the process of enterprise informatization, the fundamental changes carried out by enterprises include flat organization, virtual operation and e-commerce network economy.
Informatization of organizational management-flattening network enterprise organization
Traditional enterprises have complex levels and many managers, which leads to low efficiency of enterprises and lag and distortion of information communication in the information society. After enterprise information management, the enterprise structure has changed from pyramid to forest, which has expanded the management scope of the highest decision-making level and reduced the distortion of excessive decision-making information transmission at different levels. The flattening of organizational structure begins with the adoption of information technology, and the intranet is equal to each level. Secondly, people-oriented corporate culture, because only by fully respecting the creative spirit of employees can effective information communication be realized; On the contrary, the independent working ability of enterprise employees must reach a certain level in order to realize the original intention of flattening. In a word, technology and culture complement each other. Network enterprise organizations can be divided into the following categories according to their functions.
1. Intranet is a network system established within an enterprise, which can connect all departments to which people, finances and materials belong, and make the information flow of people, finances and materials flow rapidly. Regardless of the internal hierarchy of the enterprise, Qi Xin strives to maximize profits around the needs of customers. The decision-making layer of the internal network system is not only the decision-making function, but also the coordination and management of various interests. In fact, the use frequency of intranet is extremely frequent. Enterprise employees can use intranet to realize telecommuting, beyond the limitation of time and space, and transmit information to decision-making database more timely and accurately through enterprise internal network.
2. Supply chain network is a network connected around economic entities such as supply, procurement, production, sales and publicity. The central node in the network should be an economic entity with scarce resources, such as an enterprise with key patents or brands, which has the ability to integrate other nodes and drive the whole network. Some large enterprises in developed countries master key products and produce parts or products in developing countries. Some automobile industries in China are actually a link in the automobile production chain of western developed countries, and the biggest beneficiaries are the original enterprises with this brand.
3. Specialized network refers to a network composed of enterprises specializing in market information collection and collation, which bridges the gap between production and consumption and is an enterprise group that networks for the sake of network. For example, e-commerce platform enterprises and commercial intermediary service companies.
Management Informatization —— The Emergence of Virtual Enterprise
The economic organization of an enterprise generally includes three elements: human, financial and material. People refer to employees with professional technical knowledge and work skills, money refers to the funds needed to maintain the operation of enterprises, and things refer to the materials and energy needed for the production of enterprises. Management information is a variety of information flows that reflect the state and operation of the above elements and their combinations.
Traditional enterprise management generally aims at managing people, finance and things themselves, while enterprise information management is a system that comprehensively reflects the combined state of people, finance and things.
Enterprise information management excludes material and energy factors, and simply processes, processes and manages the quantitative relationship of human, financial and material information. With the progress of information technology, the information management of some high-tech enterprises is more scientific. In order to further improve efficiency, it has gradually evolved into the form of virtual enterprises. Virtual enterprise refers to a networked dynamic cooperative economic entity, which relies on information technology to assemble a number of enterprises with needed resources to maximize their benefits. In the face of fierce market competition, virtual enterprises are gradually valued and widely used.
Virtual, first, because it has information technology to support its various functions, completely or partially excluding the operation of physical entities; Second, because there is no organization that performs the functions of procurement, production, marketing, design and finance. Enterprises only keep key functional entities, and other functions can't meet the requirements of competition in the case of limited resources, so it is virtual and combined with information technology, thus creating their own competitive advantages. The object of help may be suppliers, competitors or customers. No matter how the form changes, the spirit of virtual enterprise lies in breaking through the tangible boundary of the enterprise. Through various ways to make up and integrate with external forces, the purpose is to make the most efficient use of the limited resources of enterprises in the competition.
There are three forms of virtual enterprise. The original virtual enterprise belongs to the form of outsourcing processing, the center specializes in high value-added design and marketing, and the production is carried out by emerging countries with low labor costs. In foreign countries, such as Nike and Reebok, which produce sports shoes, there are no factories. Instead, we concentrate our resources on the design and marketing with the highest added value, and only engage in marketing research and development activities, while the production is entrusted to countries with lower labor costs for processing and production. Therefore, enterprises can quickly feedback the changes in the market, make them focus on the design and marketing network planning, and create a highly flexible competitive advantage for enterprises.
The third virtual form is strategic alliance, that is, several companies have different key resources, but their markets are divided to a certain extent. For mutual benefit, they make strategic alliances, exchange each other's resources and create competitive advantages. For example, the world-famous Compaq software and hardware company has formed a technical and strategic alliance with Microsoft. In addition, most components of Compaq computer are outsourced, and they only have fast research ability and marketing network. Such a lightweight and highly flexible organization, combined with low-cost strategy, has become the first brand of personal computers in the world.
The fourth form of virtual operation is virtual sales network, that is, the company headquarters liberates the property right relationship to its subordinate sales network and makes it an independent legal person.
From the above analysis, we can sum up the management principles of virtual enterprises: enterprises must have key information, such as patent rights, marketing channels or research capabilities, concentrate resources on functions with added value, and virtualize functions with low added value. In order to maintain competitive advantage, we must pay attention to the balance of other capabilities such as quality cost and cycle. And the operation of all this must rely on the technical support of enterprise informatization.
The trend of business model change-the business model of online marketing enterprises will gradually change from a batch-centered product-centered model to a marketing strategy based on customer relationship, and the focus of enterprises will also change from product-centered to customer-centered individual needs. In the information society, the traditional idea of mass production first and then relying on a huge sales team to promote products is no longer applicable. On the contrary, personalized products aim to provide diversified and more personalized goods and services. In this context, enterprises turn customers into partners and let customers participate in product design and production, and product marketing has evolved into one-to-one sales. Maximizing customer satisfaction will become a key factor in product pricing.
E-commerce and online marketing, with the improvement of enterprise informatization, the sales and procurement of enterprises can be carried out through online marketing, and raw materials can also be purchased through e-commerce websites established by enterprises. The ultimate development trend of e-commerce is intelligent business decision-making system, which will completely change the traditional business model and make modern enterprises become an e-commerce business model with globalization as strategic decision-making, customer-oriented, information as carrier, low inventory or even zero inventory, high output and high efficiency.