How were brushes, pens, beads, pens and pencils and western brushes invented?

The origin of the writing brush: historical records record that "Qin Shihuang ordered Prince Fu Su and Meng Tian to build the Great Wall to defend the northern Xiongnu, and Meng Tian took rabbit hair from the mountain as a pen". The Four Spectrum of Study also records that "Meng Tian used to write a pen, with the extension of wood as the tube, deer hair as the column and rabbit hair as the quilt, which is called one of the pale hairs", and the natural history records that "General Qin Meng Tian took fox hair as the column and rabbit hair as the quilt". The invention of writing brush can be traced back to Yangshao culture period at the end of Neolithic Age. Although there are not enough written records to prove it, the study of the flowers on Yangshao painted pottery unearthed may have been drawn with a tool similar to a brush. Through the study of Oracle bone inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, it can be clearly seen that the edge of the knife-carved Oracle bone inscriptions was written on it with a brush first, and then carved on it, indicating that the brush existed in this period. Judging from the glyph, the characters on the bronze wares of the Zhou Dynasty are obviously traces written with a soft pen tip. From the shape and meaning of the characters, we know that the writing tool, namely the writing brush, has a variety of ancient writing brushes and related writing utensils in the Chu tomb of the Warring States period unearthed in Zuojiagongshan, a suburb of Changsha, Hunan Province. This is the first time we have imagined the image of a brush before the Han Dynasty, which really looks like a big picture. The brush in this batch of cultural relics is called "Changsha Pen", which is made of high-grade rabbit hair. Hair length is 2.42 cm, pen tube 16.6 cm. The pen holder is made of fine bamboo. The manufacturing method is to insert the rabbit hair clip into the tube end, tie it with filaments and fix it with paint. This work is quite superb in technology. Pen is a widely used writing tool, which was invented in the early19th century. 1809, Britain issued the first batch of patent certificates about water storage pens, which marked the official birth of pens. The Origin of Pencil 1564 In a place called Barodale in England, a black mineral-graphite was discovered. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family. Writing with graphite strips is easy to get dirty and break. 176 1 year, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water to make it into graphite powder, then mixed it with sulfur, antimony and rosin, and then made this mixture into strips, which were much tougher than pure graphite strips and not easy to get dirty. This is the earliest pencil. Until the end of18th century, only Britain and Germany could produce this kind of pencil. Therefore, after Napoléon Bonaparte launched a war against neighboring countries, Britain and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France. Therefore, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Comte to look for graphite ore in his own country and then make pencils. However, the quality of French graphite ore is poor and its reserves are small. Comte mixed clay with graphite and put it in a kiln for barbecue, which made a good and durable pencil lead in the world at that time. Pencil lead produced by different clay proportions in graphite has different hardness and color. This is the origin of H (hard pencil), B (soft pencil) and HB (pencil with moderate hardness) marked on pencils today. The task of putting a wooden stick coat on a pencil was completed by American craftsman Monroe. He first built a machine that could cut out battens, then carved a slot in the battens, put pencil lead in the slot, and then aligned and glued the two battens, so that pencil lead was tightly embedded in the middle. This is the pencil we use today. (/question/ 12325337.html？ Fr=qrl3) ballpoint pen According to the available information, the name of ballpoint pen first appeared in 1888. At that time, an American named John Lauder designed a pen with a ball as the nib, but he failed to make it into a commodity convenient for people to use. (Details:/question/7177417.html? fr=qrl)