Editor's note "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" is drifting away. This is a five-year period of "golden development" and "prominent contradiction", a five-year period of solid progress and gratifying results in the construction of new countryside, a five-year period of working against the wind and creating a miracle of development under the international financial storm, a moment that spans the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China and the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up, and a five-year period of being encouraged and struggling to save oneself in the face of historical natural disasters. ...
"Eleventh Five-Year Plan" is about to walk through his course with firm and courageous steps, with a series of bumpy roads and hard footprints behind him. This is an indelible road on the road of China's reform, which left us with a meaningful background. In the "Today's Talk" a few days ago, we summarized important topics such as "New Rural Construction" and "Five-year People's Livelihood" during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. Today, the Half-monthly Talk Network opens the apocalypse of the 11th Five-Year Plan reform for you. ...
Remarkable achievements have been made in the reform and development during the 11th Five-Year Plan.
According to a recent expert questionnaire survey conducted by China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute (hereinafter referred to as "China Reform Institute"), 79. 10% of the experts think that the 11th Five-Year Plan reform has made some progress, and 56.78% of the experts think that there has been a breakthrough in some areas.
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, faced with the complicated and changeable domestic and international economic environment and various major challenges from home and abroad, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, all regions and departments in China actively implemented the Scientific Outlook on Development, firmly implemented the package plan to deal with the impact of the international financial crisis, strengthened and improved macro-control, actively promoted the transformation of economic development mode and structural adjustment, and the national economy developed in the expected direction of macro-control. The economy is growing steadily and rapidly, the growth of investment and consumption tends to be coordinated, the overall price level is basically stable, energy conservation and emission reduction and structural adjustment have achieved positive results, reform and opening up have been actively promoted, employment has continued to increase, people's lives have been further improved, and the overall economic and social development situation is good.
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China has made breakthroughs in promoting economic system reform, social system reform and administrative system reform, and achieved remarkable results in combating the financial crisis, and some reforms have made obvious breakthroughs. In particular, rural reform has generally benefited farmers, major breakthroughs have been made in the reform of basic public services, and people's livelihood construction has received unprecedented attention from governments at all levels. Therefore, the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period is called "Five Years of People's Livelihood".
Some reforms are still progressing slowly.
Although China's economic and social development has made remarkable achievements during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, there are still many contradictions and problems that restrict the smooth operation of the economy. In some areas, the progress of reform is still slow, and the task of reform is still very arduous. Therefore, we must observe calmly, make scientific judgments, plan ahead and seize the opportunity.
For example, the government-led economic growth model has not been reversed, or even strengthened to some extent, and the process of market-oriented reform is slow. Mainly manifested in the outstanding structural problems, investment is still the main driving force of economic growth, especially in the specific period of anti-crisis, the stimulus policy focusing on investment has become the main driving force to maintain economic growth, which objectively leads to the decline of development's dependence on reform, the space for institutional changes to promote development is compressed, and structural problems including investment and consumption structure, industrial structure and regional structure have not been significantly improved.
Generally speaking, the mode of economic growth mainly driven by investment and exports has not changed substantially. The fundamental reason lies in the economic growth mode led by local governments. For example, to pursue economic aggregate as the goal, to expand investment scale as the main way, to lease land and develop heavy chemical industry projects as the main features, to administrative intervention and administrative promotion as the main means, and so on. Under the background of rapid changes in internal and external development conditions, the task of changing and reforming the development mode in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan is even more arduous.
Although breakthroughs have been made in reforms in some areas, some comprehensive reforms involving multiple departments have not achieved much. For example, the reform of monopoly industries lags behind; The reform of fiscal and taxation system failed to start as scheduled, and accumulated more and more disadvantages. In addition, the reform of the administrative system lags behind and there is no major breakthrough. To a certain extent, the reform of the Ministry system is still in the stage of functional adjustment, the relationship between the central and local governments has not been straightened out, and the operational efficiency of the innovation system has not been significantly improved.
Promoting the transformation of development mode with the second reform
Transformation needs to give full play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation and expand the important role of domestic demand in economic growth; It is necessary to emphasize the transformation of social public demand and build a developmental social system and policy system suitable for China characteristics; We should attach importance to government transformation and speed up the construction of a public service-oriented government.
At present, the transformation of development mode faces many structural problems. The first is the contradiction between system and policy. In the anti-financial crisis, the policy was adjusted in place and a package of economic stimulus plans was launched in time, but the corresponding package of reforms has not yet been launched. The second is the contradiction between system and system. For example, the prominent contradiction of the imbalance between investment and consumption has both defects in the market system and imperfections in the social system. The third is the contradiction between policies. There are many policy struggles between higher and lower governments and between government departments.
Therefore, only by promoting structural reform can we make a substantial breakthrough in the transformation of development mode. For example, to expand consumption and build a big consumer country, it is necessary to start the reform of the national income distribution system as soon as possible and adjust the income distribution pattern; To adapt to the era of urbanization, it is necessary to break the dual structure of urban and rural areas and promote the reform of administrative management system; To solve the shortage of public goods, we need to speed up the construction of public service system and so on.
China needs to start the second reform as soon as possible during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Compared with the first reform characterized by a single breakthrough in 30 years, the second reform is a package of comprehensive reform measures. The first reform, China is still in the survival stage, the main challenge is to solve the problem of food and clothing, the basic goal is to establish a socialist market economic system; In the second reform, China began to enter a new stage of development. Promoting people's own development has become the main challenge of reform, and the basic goal is to establish the institutional foundation of sustainable development. The first reform, the main contradiction is the backward productivity and the serious shortage of the total supply of social products. The second reform is facing the prominent contradiction of serious shortage of domestic demand. The first reform is mainly to find ways to solve problems in the economic field, and to change the growth mode of economic aggregate as the main task of long-term reform; The second reform needs to promote structural reforms including economic system, social system and administrative system in order to achieve the goal of fair and sustainable scientific development. The overall situation of reform has become increasingly dependent on government transformation.
During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the main challenge of China's development mode transformation is not the economy and society itself, but the government transformation and government decision-making. The overall dependence of reform and development on government transformation in the new stage has been comprehensively enhanced.
To sum up, the key to solving the contradiction of resource and environment constraints is to realize the transformation of economic operation mechanism from government-led to market-led; The key to solving the contradiction of widening income distribution gap lies in strengthening the basic responsibility of the government in improving the income distribution system; To solve the contradiction of the shortage of basic public goods, the key lies in establishing the main position and leading role of the government in the supply of public goods; The key to solving the contradiction of lagging public governance construction lies in strengthening the government's own construction and reform; The main goal of promoting the transformation of development mode is fair and sustainable development, and the foundation is consumption-oriented. The government-led growth mode has fewer disadvantages and must be changed.
There is no big breakthrough in the reform of the administrative system in the 11th Five-Year Plan, the important reason is that the division of responsibilities between the central and local governments and the related financial allocation problems have not been well solved. At present, the legislation of basic public services lags behind the construction of the whole public service system, which is mainly manifested in the low legislative level, the unclear definition of legal responsibilities of governments at all levels, and the difficulty in embodying the principles of fairness and efficiency in the supply of public services.
Therefore, an important task of government transformation is to make the responsibilities of governments at all levels in basic public services clear and legal. We should establish an evaluation system of government basic public services as soon as possible, and link the performance evaluation of basic public services with the selection and appointment of cadres, so as to lay a solid foundation for the establishment of a government performance evaluation system with basic public services as the core. Explore the establishment of a public service supervision system. There is a huge gap in the supply of public services between urban and rural areas, between regions and between different social groups, but the current regulatory system is not accountable for this. Therefore, while carrying out the reform of the Ministry system, an independent, authoritative and professional public service supervision committee should be established to explore the establishment of a social supervision mechanism for basic public services.
In the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, we should promote the reform of the administrative system with the transformation of the government as the main line, clarify the scope of power, power operation mode, interest distribution structure, responsibilities and obligations between the central and local governments, and gradually further institutionalize the relationship between the central and local governments; It is necessary to explore the establishment of a system of balancing the powers and financial resources of governments at all levels, and realize the transformation from graded finance to jurisdiction finance in accordance with the requirements of equalization of fiscal capacity among governments; Focus on improving intergovernmental transfer payments, establish an equalization mechanism of financial capacity in the jurisdiction, strengthen the financial responsibilities of provinces and cities in the jurisdiction, and ensure county-level financial resources.
According to the requirements of urbanization and urban-rural integration, we should promote the reform of administrative division system and speed up the administrative "direct management of counties"; It is necessary to rationally divide the executive power between the central and local governments, establish executive agencies, strengthen supervisory power, and set up independent supervisory committees. We should focus on the construction and reform of the government itself and improve the public governance structure. On the one hand, it is necessary to correctly divide the boundaries between the government and the market and society, so that the government's functions are strictly limited to areas that cannot be solved by the market and society, so that the government can concentrate on fulfilling its public responsibilities; On the other hand, it is necessary to effectively cultivate microeconomic entities and social organizations, give full play to their respective comparative advantages, and create basic institutional conditions for transforming the mode of economic development and realizing social harmony.
Relieve the pressure of economic growth with positive social system changes
At present, the pressure of economic growth in China has profound social roots. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the central government has implemented a series of new social policies and made great progress. However, there are still some problems such as unreasonable distribution structure and insufficient overall supply of basic public services, which are the important reasons for "insufficient domestic consumption and relative overcapacity".
For example, the investment and consumption demand potential of hundreds of millions of rural people in China is remarkable, which is considered as a rare bright spot on the global economic map. The release of this potential will greatly promote the economic growth of China. However, the consumption rate of rural residents in China dropped from the highest point of 65438+32.3% in 0983 to the lowest point of 9. 1% in 2007 during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which dropped by 23 percentage points in 24 years. The long-term lack of basic public services in rural areas has seriously curbed the consumption desire of rural residents.
Therefore, to solve the economic pressure, we should not only adjust economic policies, but also carry out social changes. In the short term, adopt active social policies, stabilize the market, expand employment, strengthen assistance to vulnerable groups, and prevent the two-way transmission of economic pressure and social problems; In the medium and long term, it is necessary to deepen the reform of social system, strengthen the construction of public service system, adjust the income distribution structure, balance the interests of different groups, and form an important institutional guarantee to stimulate consumer demand.
At present, China has entered a critical period of social transformation, and the diversification of interest subjects and the normalization of interest conflicts have become social realities. Therefore, the "safety valve" mechanism should be established as an important public product to maintain social flexibility and social order, which has become an important measure for social governance reform during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. Its core is to establish an interest balance mechanism under the condition of market economy, that is, to build an effective platform for negotiation, communication and opinion expression through laws and policies on the basis of recognizing the differentiation of interests and under the principle of fairness. (Half-monthly talk about internal edition No.2065438 10/Wen Chifulin, Dean of China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute) (Source: Half-monthly talk)
Twelfth Five-Year Plan
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