Auricularia auricula belongs to saprophytic mesophilic fungi. Mycelia can grow at 6 ~ 36℃, but 22 ~ 32℃ is the most suitable. 15 ~ 27℃ can differentiate into solid, but 20 ~ 24℃ is the most suitable. Lushi County, Henan Province takes Lushi Auricularia auricula as its geographical protection product because of its good natural environment. Mycelia can grow in culture medium and sawdust with water content of 60% ~ 70%. When fruiting body is formed, the water content of Auricularia auricula is above 70% and the relative humidity of air is 90% ~ 95%. Mycelia can grow normally in the dark, and the light intensity of 250 ~ 1000 LX is needed in the growth period of fruiting body. For aerobic fungi, pH 5 ~ 5.6 is the most suitable. There are many cultivation methods of auricularia auricula, such as wood cultivation and plastic bag cultivation.
Sectional wood cultivation
Artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula originated in China around 600 AD. It is the earliest cultivated edible fungus variety in the world, with a history of 1400 years. In the Tang Dynasty, the villagers in Daba Mountain, Micang Mountain and Longmen Mountain in northern Sichuan all used the method of "cutting flowers with logs" to grow auricularia. This primitive planting method lasted for thousands of years. In Qing Dynasty, auricularia auricula was also planted in Changbai Mountain in Northeast China and Funiu Mountain in Henan Province. When deciduous trees are cut down for three or nine days in winter, auricularia auricula spores naturally reproduce. The output is extremely low. From 65438 to 0955, Chinese scientific and technological workers began to cultivate solid pure strains of Auricularia auricula, and invented the method of punching and inoculating wood segments, which greatly improved the yield of Auricularia auricula cultivated in wood segments. But after two or three years to complete a cycle, the absolute output is still not high. Each high-quality wood segment with a length of 1m and a diameter of 10 ~ 13cm only produces Auricularia auricula100 ~150g in three years, and the yield is often reduced due to natural disasters. So far, this method has only been popularized in a few ear farmers in forest areas. 1, seed production: the strains include sawdust strains and branch strains, the former is a culture medium made of sawdust and wheat bran; The latter is cut into branches with a length of 1.5cm and a diameter of 1cm, added with nutrients such as sucrose and rice bran, bottled, autoclaved, inoculated with mother seeds, cultured at 25-28℃ for 1 month, and the mycelium can grow in the bottle. 2. heartwood preparation: heartwood should be prepared after the cultivation site is selected. Commonly used species of auricularia are Araliaceae and Betula platyphylla. Select spike trees with DBH of 10 ~ 12 cm, cut them into sections with length of 1 ~ 1.2 m, brush the sections with fresh lime, and then dry them in the sunny place. 3. Inoculation: The tools used for inoculation should be disinfected with ethanol in advance. First put on the ear wood; Use electric drill to drill holes with vertical depth of 1.5cm, and the hole spacing is 7cm. If sawdust is used, the holes should be filled and the prefabricated bark should be covered tightly. After the mycobacteria are inserted into the inoculation holes, hammer them tightly to make them flush with the cross-sectional surface of wood without pores. 4. Planting management: pile the fungus first, and pile the fungus inoculated with fungus into the shape of "well" or "mountain". The suitable temperature in the reactor is 20 ~ 28℃ and the relative humidity is about 80%. It takes 3 ~ 4 weeks in the south and 4 ~ 5 weeks in the north. When hyphae have extended to xylem and produced a small number of spikes, they should be piled up in time. 5. Scattered pile arrangement: generally, it is laid flat, and one or both ends of spike wood are erected with sleepers, which are neatly arranged on the cultivation field and can be erected after about 1 month. Generally, herringbone frame method is adopted for erection. First, bury two wooden stakes with forks, leaving 70cm high on the ground. A crossbar is placed horizontally on the fork day, and the ear wood stands obliquely on both sides of the crossbar. It is herringbone, with a spacing of 7cm and an angle of about 45. The angle of auricularia auricula can be larger in sunny days or new days, and smaller in rainy days or every other year. 6. Heading management: The temperature, humidity, light and ventilation conditions of the cultivation field must be well adjusted in the shelving stage, but the management center is the water problem. It's best to have a light rain every three days and a moderate to heavy rain every half month. In case of drought, water should be sprayed manually to solve the problem of dryness and wetness, and the relative humidity should be kept at about 90% ~ 95%. Water spraying should be carried out in the morning and evening. Pest control The main miscellaneous bacteria that harm auricularia auricula are Cymbidium, Cymbidium, Trametes robusta, Trametes vermicelli and so on. The main pests are beetle, branch borer, four-spotted flower (insect beetle) and thrips. To prevent and control the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria, quicklime (1: 100 times solution), bactericide (1: 100 times solution) and zinc chloride (1: 50 times solution) can be used. In addition, biological pesticides such as pyrethrum and tripterygium wilfordii can also be used to control pests.
Plastic bag ground planting
This technology has changed the history of producing auricularia auricula by wood, and made auricularia auricula cultivation move from forest area to field. Auricularia auricula planted in plastic bags are made of sawdust and straw, and packed in plastic bags, each bag contains 0.5 kg of dry materials. After sterilization, inoculation and bacterial culture, it is placed in fields and orchards. The technology of cultivating Auricularia auricula in plastic bags has greatly expanded the cultivation raw materials and area of Auricularia auricula, greatly shortened the production cycle, returned to the natural cultivation mode, and realized natural pollution-free, which is more conducive to large-scale, mechanized and standardized production and has broad development prospects. The cultivation of auricularia auricula in plastic bags was successfully invented by Chaoyang Edible Fungi Research Institute of Liaoning Province. 1994 was listed as "national key promotion plan of scientific and technological achievements" and "eighth seven-year poverty alleviation plan", and two national invention patents were obtained in the same year (ZL 94 1 1092). 8; ZL94110204.5) won the "Top Ten Excellent Scientific and Technological Achievements in the National Edible Fungi Industry" in 2000, and won the awards and support from the World Bank, the State Council Poverty Alleviation and Development Group and the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2006. The cultivation of auricularia auricula in plastic bags conforms to the life habit of auricularia auricula "cold, hot, cold, dry, wet and wet" in the way of "originating from nature and returning to nature", and has become the mainstream of auricularia auricula cultivation with high success rate, yield and quality. 1. Rational allocation of culture medium and improvement of pH value According to the nutritional characteristics of different substitute raw materials, after years of experiments, many high-yield formulas were screened out, and the pH value reached 8-9. Alkaline medium can inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. Examples of culture medium are as follows: sawdust formula: hardwood sawdust 84.5%, wheat bran or rice bran 15%, gypsum powder 1%, and quicklime 0.5%. Formula of soybean straw and cotton stalk corn cob (crushed): soybean straw or cotton stalk or corn cob 80.5%, wheat bran or rice bran 18%, gypsum powder 1% and quicklime 0.5%; Formula of cottonseed hull: 88.5% cottonseed hull, wheat bran or rice bran 10%, gypsum powder 1. 0.5% of quicklime, bagasse, beet residue and xylose residue, 50% of sugar residue, 33.5% of sawdust, 0/5% of wheat bran/kloc, 0/0% of gypsum/kloc and 0.5% of quicklime. 2.3. Plastic bags with special angles are made of non-toxic polypropylene materials with special ingredients. This kind of bag is not hard, brittle and fragile, and it is suitable for bagging by bagging machine, especially in the process of cultivating auricularia auricula, it can shrink with the contraction of the culture medium and will not be separated from the culture medium, ensuring that there is no water, no pollution and no body in the ear bag. The best half circumference of the bag is 15.5cm, and the transfer rate of nutrients in the substrate is the highest. 4. Mechanical stirring and bagging adopts "Quanhe" mixing and bagging production line, which is stirred for three times and evenly, with fast bagging speed and good quality, so as to prevent the materials from being fermented and turned sour for a long time. 5. The basket sterilization cultivation bag adopts basket sterilization, which avoids the plastic bag from being separated from the culture medium due to extrusion, and also improves the steam flow penetration of the sterilization pot, with good sterilization effect.
6. Liquid seed production The newly invented liquid seed culture device is used to prepare liquid seeds, which has the advantages of high seed production speed, three-day completion, rapid inoculation and germination, 24-hour germination and eating, low pollution rate, rapid growth of bacteria, full bags in 20 days, small difference in the age of upper and lower bacteria, and even ear formation, which is better than that of solid bacteria. The liquid culture device adopts international advanced technology and automatic control, and has been patented in China. 7. Sterile room automatic inoculation machine Inoculation room 100% sterile, without any chemical disinfection, fungal mycelium is not damaged by drugs. Each basket 12 bag is inoculated automatically at the same time, and it can be completed at one time within 6s, effectively controlling pollution. 8. Indoor and outdoor combined culture of bacteria In addition to the traditional indoor shelf upright culture, bacteria can also be cultivated in land (or woodland) in suitable seasons. The outdoor air is fresh and the temperature difference is large, which not only exercises the adaptability of mycelium life, but also inhibits the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. 9. Cut the mouth in time and standardize the mouth shape. After the hyphae are full of bags, the traditional method of "trapping bacteria" is to cut the mouth in time and cut 8- 12 mouths alternately. Change the traditional open type, V-shaped mouth, deep, medium 0.5cm, cutting line 1.5cm, two cutting lines ∠ 50. 10, the suitable season ear generally appears in spring and autumn in the north and autumn and winter in the south. Ears should appear in the natural climate of 8℃-28℃. Plastic arches can be covered in cold weather to avoid high temperature spikes and prevent pests and diseases. Planting trees in hot weather is optional. 1 1. On the ground, densely erect or invert the ear-catching bags on the ear-outlet bed on the ground, cover them with straw curtains or plastic sheets, and keep the bed surface moist, and form the original base in about 7 days. 12. Dry, wet, wet and dry alternate. After the original base with distinct dry and wet is formed, the bacterial bags are scattered, with a bag spacing of 10cm, and 25 bags are placed per square meter. Shading nets can be covered in the open air, and fungus bags can be exposed in the woodland, with sufficient light, fresh air and dark ears. Water with a special atomizing spray bag, and the water is alternately wet and dry. When it is dry, the mycelium accumulates nutrients, and when it is wet, it grows fruiting bodies. Stop watering, seven dry and three wet, dry thoroughly (ear piece is hard), wet, don't wet or keep watering. 13. It takes about 25 days to harvest the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula in time, so it should be harvested in time to prevent ear rot caused by over-ripening. Harvesting fruiting bodies with "roots", washing impurities and drying in the sun. 14. Dry the auricularia auricula in time after harvesting. Generally, it is faster to dry on gauze. Don't turn it too often to keep your ears stretched.