After nearly 50 years of development, especially the ultra-high-speed development in the next 10 year, the technical quality of China loader industry has been greatly improved, and the gap with the world advanced level is getting smaller and smaller, which has been widely recognized by the world market, including the European and American markets with the greatest demand. Here is a brief introduction to the use and classification of loaders, as well as the development of loaders in China. The following contents are compiled by the training network for your reference.
I. Use
Loaders are mainly used for shoveling, loading, unloading, earth moving, stone moving and other bulk materials, and can also shovel and dig rocks and hard soil lightly. If you change different working devices, you can also complete the work of bulldozing, lifting and loading and unloading other materials. In highway construction, it is mainly used for the filling and excavation of subgrade engineering, the loading of aggregate and asphalt and cement concrete yards. Because it has the advantages of fast working speed, good maneuverability and easy operation, it has developed rapidly and become the main machinery in earthwork construction.
Second, classification
Commonly used single bucket loaders are classified according to engine power, transmission form, walking system structure and loading mode.
1, engine power:
(1) power less than 74kw is a small loader.
② The power of medium loader is 74- 147kw.
③ The power of the large loader is 147-5 15kw.
(4) The power is greater than 5 15kw, and it is a super-large loader.
2. Transmission form:
① Hydraulic-mechanical transmission, with small impact vibration, long transmission life, convenient operation and automatic adjustment of vehicle speed and external load, which is generally used for medium and large loaders;
② Hydraulic transmission: stepless speed regulation, convenient operation, but poor starting performance, generally only used on small loaders;
③ Electric drive: stepless speed regulation, reliable operation, simple maintenance and high cost, generally used for large loaders.
3. Walking structure:
① Tire types: light weight, high speed, flexibility, high efficiency, not easy to damage the road surface, high grounding pressure and poor passability, but widely used;
② Crawler type: small grounding specific pressure, good passability, low center of gravity, good stability, strong adhesion, large traction, large specific cutting force, low speed, relatively poor flexibility, high cost, and easy to damage the road surface when walking.
4. Loading and unloading methods:
① Front-mounted type: simple structure, reliable operation and good vision, suitable for various job sites and widely used;
(2) Rotary type: the working device is installed on a turntable that can rotate 360 degrees. Side dump does not need to turn around, which has high working efficiency, but it has complex structure, large mass, high cost and poor side stability, and is suitable for smaller sites.
③ Rear unloading type: front loading and rear unloading, with high working efficiency and poor working safety.
The United States, Japan and the European Union lead the development of loader technology in the international market. The United States is a big producer of loaders in the world, and its market is mainly famous for its high-end products. There are more than 40 manufacturers, mainly including Caterpillar, Clark, Dreiser, Deere, Retour Le and Case. Japan is the second largest producer of loaders, with an annual output of about 40,000 sets. The main manufacturers are: Komatsu, Toyo Transport Aircraft, New Caterpillar Mitsubishi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Furukawa and so on. The EU is the third largest group in loader production, which owns Italy Fiat Aris, Sweden Volvo (VME Group) and Germany O&; British K, Liebherr, Zetemei, JCB and other famous companies. Up to now, the main enterprises of the three groups have penetrated into the loader market in China in stages, especially the large-scale equipment in key domestic projects.
Third, the development of loaders in China:
China's loaders began at the end of 1960, and their development has gone through the stages of imitation and exploration in the 1960s, self-reliance development in the 1970s, technology introduction, joint venture and independent development after the 1980s.
At the initial stage, domestic loaders were mechanical crawler loaders Z 1-4 4t (produced by Chengdu Construction Machinery Factory) and Red Star loaders Z 1 m3 (produced by Shanghai Port Machinery Factory), and later there were Z420,2t hydraulic loaders (produced by Chengdu Construction Machinery Factory) and Z4353.5t loaders (produced by Xiamen Construction Machinery Factory and Liuzhou Construction Machinery Factory). At the same time, our country's rotary loader Z4H2 has been successfully developed.
In the mid-1960s, Z435 was the whole frame of rear axle steering. After several years' efforts, on the basis of absorbing the most advanced wheel loader technology in the world at that time, a shovel-connected wheel loader with power of 162KW was successfully developed, and it was finally finalized as Z450 (later ZL50), which was officially appraised by experts on 197 10+02+65438, and was born.
Z450 loader has the basic structure of modern wheel loader, such as hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, double bridge drive, hydraulic control, articulated power steering, etc. It was the advanced level in the world at that time. It also basically represents the basic structure of the first generation wheel loader in China. The machine has a series of advantages in overall performance, such as good power, strong digging force, flexibility, light operation and high work efficiency.
1978, according to the requirements of the Ministry of Machinery, Tiangong Institute formulated a series of standards for wheel loaders in China based on Liugong Z450. When drafting the standard, Z stands for loader (the initials of Zhuang), L stands for wheel (the initials of Lun), and Z450 is changed to ZL50. Therefore, based on Liugong ZL50, a series of standards for China ZL wheel loaders have been formulated, which is a major turning point in the development history of loaders in China. After the standard was formulated, according to the division of labor at that time, Liugong and Xiagong manufactured large and medium-sized wheel loaders above ZL40, and Chenggong and Gong Yi manufactured small and medium-sized wheel loaders below ZL30, which gradually formed the four backbone enterprises of loaders at that time. By the end of 1970s and the beginning of 1980s, the number of loader manufacturers in China had increased to more than 20, initially forming the loader industry in China. China's wheel loader has developed to the third generation, and its basic structure is still evolved from Z450(ZL50). The second generation has not changed much, and the third generation has not changed much.
From the perspective of product structure, China's loader models are mainly concentrated in 3t (including 3~5t), 4t and 5t. By 2005, the market share of 3 ~ 5t models has reached more than 97%. Among them, 5t-class models are the most concentrated, with a market share of 60% (mainly to seize the market share of 4t-class and minicomputers); The market share of 3t products has been hovering around 30% in recent years, with little change. Large tonnage aircraft above 6t, especially 8t, have few domestic mature products, mainly imported or joint venture or sole proprietorship products.
In addition, according to the analysis of the current market situation, 3 ~ 5t loaders, as mature products, will still be the main models in the market in the next few years. 6 ~ 10t products only a few domestic enterprises such as Liugong, Xiamen, Xugong and Gong Lin have formed products and technologies. If these enterprises make a breakthrough in technology, cost, price and reliability, the market prospect is promising.
At present, domestic loader manufacturers mainly include Liugong in Guangxi, Longgong in Fujian, Xiagong in Fujian, Xugong in Shandong, Changlin in Shandong and Futian Heavy Industry. After continuous independent research and development, reform and innovation, loaders have gradually become an important representative product of national machinery products, and have made remarkable achievements.
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