1. Do you really want to be a "guest"?
The Central Plains is not only the root of Hakkas, but also the root of the Chinese nation. According to legend, Fuxi, the ancestor of mankind, is located at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain in the northwest of Qinyang City, Henan Province. Only by combining with Nu Wa can human beings be passed down from generation to generation. Fuxi also tied a rope as a net here, engaged in fishing and hunting, invented agriculture, tasted all kinds of herbs and invented Chinese medicine, so it was called Shennong. Fuxi is also known as the god of cultural creation. It is said that he sat on a square altar and listened to the music from all directions, then he drew the symbols of the eight diagrams of Gan, Kun, Zhen, Xun, Kan, Li, Gen and Dui, and he could "look up at astronomy, look down at geography, get close to everything" and invent the original hieroglyphic symbols, so it is also called Fuxi. The generation of Henan Province is called "Yu", and "Yu" is composed of "Yu" and "Xiang", which is probably related to the invention of hieroglyphics by our ancient ancestors. There is an old saying: "Everything is prepared, it will be established, and if it is not prepared, it will be abolished." Therefore, it's not just the Hakkas' careers that are established if they are prepared, but abolished if they are not prepared; And so is the cause of the Chinese nation.
China's first dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, was founded in the Central Plains. According to legend, Shun Di made Dayu Yu Xia, which is now Yuzhou, Henan Province. Yu adopted the well field system here to develop agricultural production. "Nine husbands are wells, four wells are cities, four cities are hills, and four hills are Dian." So the people at that time were not called the people, but called Qiu Min; At that time, the Xia Dynasty was called Yudian instead of China. Later, "Yu Shu Jiu River, Ji Ji Luo, definitely Ruwen, Paihuai Si, eight years away from home, three times through the door but not into, the flood because of the flat, Kyushu tribute." Xia Qiwang, the son of Dayu, cast Jiuding in Kunwu (now Puyang, Henan), representing Kyushu: Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Yongzhou and Youzhou. And Yuzhou is under the world, also known as Zhongzhou. Today's China is called Kyushu, Jiuqiu, Jiusuo and Yudian in Xia Dynasty. In the transition from fishing and hunting era to agricultural era, the most important thing is to grasp the agricultural time. The summer calendar invented by the Xia Dynasty pushed the calculation of time from year to month and day, and grasped the law of time change by combining the ten-day trunk of plant growth law with the twelve-day branch of Tatsumi at noon. In particular, the application of the twenty-four solar terms not only played a huge role in agricultural production at that time, but also made great contributions to agricultural production today.
if the Xia dynasty accurately grasped the changing law of weather, then the Shang dynasty grasped the changing law of geographical location. In the 16th century BC, with the assistance of Yi Yin, King Shang Tang destroyed King Xia Jie and established his capital in Shangqiu, Henan. With the development of agricultural production, commodity activities have become more and more frequent, and the frequent commodity activities have also brought about the frequent relocation of the capital of Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty moved the capital seven times, but most of them moved in Henan. Pan Geng forced the merchants and nobles to cross the river and move to Yin, which is now the Yin Ruins in Anyang, so that the Shang Dynasty was able to flourish. It spread to Emperor Wu Ding, and made all the workers look for architects everywhere, and found Fu Shuo among the sinners. Therefore, the construction of Yindu soon prospered. Ordinary people live and work in peace and contentment, and are unwilling to migrate. The fact that the original glyph of "guest" was not found in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins in Anyang shows that there was no sense of moving and living as a guest at that time.
if the Xia dynasty grasped the changing law of weather and the Shang dynasty grasped the changing law of geographical location, then the Zhou dynasty grasped the changing law of human harmony. Ji Chang, Zhou Wenwang, "Benevolence, respect for the elderly, and less kindness; Under the ceremony, the sages will not be able to eat in Japan and China, and the scholars will return to them. " He was detained by Shang Zhouwang in Youli, Tangyin, Henan Province for seven years. During this period, he transformed Fuxi's innate gossip into the acquired gossip, transformed Fuxi's gossip into 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams, and changed the focus of the study of the Book of Changes from heaven and earth to human society, so it was called Zhouyi. With the assistance of Jiang Ziya, Zhou Wuwang wiped out Shang Zhouwang and established the Zhou Dynasty. Under the guidance of King Wen's Book of Changes, he constantly adjusted the relationship between people, and the etiquette system formulated by the Duke of Zhou was fixed, which made the rule of the Zhou Dynasty last for almost 8 years, ranking first among all dynasties.
The Zhou Dynasty entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, that is, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when King Ping moved the capital from Fenghao to Luoyang. During this period, the world was in chaos, fighting for cities, fighting for land, and the Central Plains was boiling and the war was raging. It was not Hakkas who migrated first, but Guangfu people and chaozhou people. The Han nationality in the Central Plains crossed the Wuling Mountains in advance and came to the Pearl River Delta to develop and become Guangfu people. Legend has it that five immortals rode five sheep's mouths with ears of grain to Guangzhou in the Zhou Dynasty, which is a beautiful myth and legend that the Han nationality in the Central Plains developed Guangzhou. Another group of Han people in the Central Plains moved from Fujian to Hanjiang Delta for development and became the chaozhou people of Minnan language family. Hakkas were reluctant to leave their homes in the Central Plains until they had to. However, it was difficult for them to come to the plains in Lingnan where it was easy to make a living, so they had to live a hard life in the mountains between Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi. Because the Hakka people are concerned about the Central Plains, and keep in mind the ancestors' instruction: "It is better to sell your ancestral fields than forget your ancestors' words", Hakka dialect retains the phonology of the Zhou Dynasty's national language and is called the living fossil of ancient Chinese.
second, where did the "guest" come from?
Hakka ancestors began to come to the south as early as the Qin dynasty. China historians have always believed that "the Han people who moved south from the Central Plains are called Hakka". The "Han people" here should refer to the "Han people", not the "Han people", because Zhao Tuo of the Qin Dynasty came to Lingnan to develop the earliest Hakka base. After Qin Shihuang conquered Baiyue ethnic groups in Lingnan, he "banished 5, migrants to defend them". How did these 5 thousand Zhongyuan people come to Lingnan? According to records, one is Xiangjiang-Lingqu-Lijiang-Xijiang waterway; One is xiaoshui-xindao-heshui-Xijiang land and water transport; One is leishui-Huangshui-Beijiang land and water transport; One is the Ganjiang-Hengpu (that is, Meiguan)-Mianshui-Beijiang land and water transport; One is the Ganjiang-Dongjiang combined water and land transport. Xijiang river system has become the main region of Guangzhou dialect, Dongjiang river system has become the main region of Hakka dialect, and Beijiang river system has become the hybrid region of Guangzhou dialect and Hakka dialect. When Qin Shihuang had 5, troops to March south, one of them was stationed in the south of Jiangxi. It should be a convenient land and water communication line in Taojiang River or Gongshui Lianjiang River and Xiangshui River in the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, passing through Dingnan Water and searching for Dongjiang River under water. Zhao Tuo may be in this area, so he was named Longchuan County Magistrate after going south. Longchuan has always been a Hakka ancestor who speaks Hakka dialect.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a group of scholars from the Central Plains took refuge in Lingnan, and the real large-scale migration of "Hakkas" to the south was mainly these three times: the first time was the "Eight Kings Rebellion" at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, also known as the "Yongjia Rebellion", and the subsequent "Five Wild Flowers", that is, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiedi and Qiang invaded the Central Plains. The second time was the Huang Chao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which was launched to claim the title of emperor and failed, and the route it took was almost consistent with the route of Hakkas fleeing south. The third time was at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, when Yuan soldiers advanced, and Hakka ancestors entered Meizhou, Xunzhou and Huizhou in eastern Guangdong from southern Jiangxi and southwestern Fujian. At that time, the household registration was divided into "master" and "guest", and all immigrants were naturalized as "Hakka". At this time, "Hakka" immigrants poured in, and "guest" was better than "master". This is the change of "Hakka" from "to"
The southward army of "Hakkas" is constantly expanding, including the expansion of the team and the expansion of the territory. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, some Hakkas moved to Taiwan Province with Zheng Chenggong under the influence of Manchu people's occupation of the Central Plains. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Sichuan suffered from war and plague for a long time, and its population was greatly reduced. The Qing court launched the immigration movement of "moving the lake and filling Sichuan", which was the origin of Sichuan Hakkas. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, led by Hakka Hong Xiuquan, failed, the Hakkas moved south to overseas. At present, "Hakkas" are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan Province and other places, as well as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Mauritius, Reunion and the United States.
the trees are soaring, the leaves fall to the roots, and the roots are in the Central Plains. Of the more than 1, surnames of the Chinese nation, more than 1,5 originated from Henan, and 73 of the 1 common surnames originated from Henan. The seven surnames of Chen, Lin, Li, Xu, Cai, Huang and Zheng, which account for a large population, also originated from Henan. There are nearly 1 million Hakka people distributed all over the world, and they often go back to Henan to find their roots and ancestors. In the 198s, the Zheng family from Hong Kong and Taiwan returned to Xingyang, Henan Province to worship their ancestors, the Su family from Taiwan Province went to Linzhang, northern Henan Province to find their ancestors, and the Bai family from Singapore went to Longmen, Luoyang to worship Bai Juyi. In the 199s, Thailand's Xie surname went to Tanghe and Nanyang in Henan Province to seek roots, Philippines' Hong surname went to Guangshan County in Henan Province to visit ancestors, Thailand's Singapore's Huang surname went to Gushi County in Henan Province to worship ancestors, and Hong Kong and Macao's Ye surname went to Yexian County in Henan Province to worship ancestors.
My roots as a Hakka are also in the Central Plains. The origin of Qiu's surname was due to Jiang Ziya's Lu Gaxing's destruction of Zhou and Zhou Wuwang's fief in Qiyingqiu. His third son, Mu Gong, commemorated his father's fiefdom of Yingqiu, and at the same time, Qi Taigong Jiang Ga gave his third son Mu a territory, named Fengqiu, who lived in fengqiu county, Henan. He moved to Shandong in the 11th generation, moved back to Henan in the 6th generation, moved to Shanghang in Tingzhou, Fujian in the 14th generation, moved to Sichuan in the 16th generation, moved back to Henan in the 7th generation, moved to Shicheng County in Jiangxi in the 6th generation, moved to Shibi Township in Ninghua, Fujian in the 9th generation, and moved to Meizhou in Guangdong in the 4th generation. Qiu's family commemorates Yingqiu in Shandong Province, and began in Fengqiu, Henan Province. It has lived in Henan for 31 generations and lasted for thousands of years, so it is called "Henan Hall". Qiu's ancestral hall couplet: "Henan Shize, Weishui Jiasheng." The so-called "Henan Shize" means that Qiu lived in Henan for generations and won the favor of the Yellow River; The so-called "Weishui Family Voice" means that Jiang Ziya Lu Shang, the ancestor of Qiu's family, was fishing in Panxi Village on the bank of Weishui, and was worshipped as a teacher by Zhou Wenwang, respected as a teacher by Zhou Wuwang, and helped Zhou destroy Zhou, which made the Zhou Dynasty famous, but the descendants of Qiu's family must not disgrace the traditional family reputation of Jiang Shang, the ancestor.
3. Where is the guest going?
Hakkas migrate, migrate, and migrate again. Hakkas go south, south, and south again. Where on earth are the Hakkas going? It seems that the Hakkas must first understand their surname "Ke" and understand the word "Ke" seriously and profoundly. Shuowen interprets "guest" as: "send it, from the distance, each voice." It is very clear that the word "guest" consists of "Mi" and "Ge". "Mi" means "crossing the deep house"; "Ge" means "different words", which are spoken from the mouth, and those who do not listen to each other will stop. Understanding from the literal surface of "guest" is only superficial, and it must be understood from the fundamental meaning of "guest".
Hakkas must have a deep understanding of the meaning of life. This is to understand the meaning of life from the process theory. The universe of life itself is already a passer-by. Human life is short, and being a guest is even more temporary, not to mention being a "passer-by". Hakka people are constantly migrating and staying in strange environments. In order to adapt to the new environment and strange people, we must seize the time, cherish the time, study hard and work hard, and we must not be a little slack and always be in a proactive state of mind. Only in this way can we survive and have the meaning of life.
Hakkas must have an independent personality. This is to understand the value of survival from the perspective of personality cultivation. The word "Ge" in the word "Ke" always reminds Hakka people that they must pay great attention to personality cultivation. Because the Hakkas fled in the war, in order to survive, they lived in other places and lived under the fence, so it was very easy for them to have the psychology of attachment, servant and employment, and even lost their independent personality. Pueraria lobata attached to the trunk cannot grow independently because of its short root system. The roots of Hakkas are in the Central Plains and rooted in the fertile soil of Chinese traditional culture. Therefore, whether they are transplanted into the Wuling Mountains in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi, or in the coconut wind and banana rain in Nanyang, or in the beautiful rain in Europe, they can grow independently and tenaciously.
Hakkas must deal with the relationship between subject and object. This is the role of knowing oneself from epistemology. The relationship between "subject" and "guest" is developing dialectically. Man is both a "passer-by" and a "master" in the universe, that is, what people usually call objective existence and subjective understanding. When and where is the "guest" and when and where is the "master" are determined by time and space and power. After the Hakkas moved south, it was at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty that they began to send (Yuan) south (Song). It can also be said that multi-ethnic integration in history has created opportunities for Hakkas, and finally Hakkas of Han nationality were born when Mongolian and Han nationalities merged. Later, the Hakkas migrated around the world, and merged with foreign nationalities to expand the Hakkas' ranks. The historical reason for the formation of "Hakkas" is "war" or "integration" in the Central Plains, and it is only expressed from the perspective of "subject" and "guest".
Hakkas must know the guest etiquette. This is the principle of dealing with people. The word "guest" includes both "being a guest" and "entertaining guests". Is Mi your own house or someone else's house? Of course, your own house should be tidy and clean when you receive guests, and you must get permission from others when you enter their houses. "Ai" is the footprint left by one's own two shins, or the footprint left by someone else's two shins. That is to say, the Lord is at the pleasure of the guest, or the guest is at the pleasure of the Lord. "Mouth" is your own mouth, or someone else's mouth. "Mouth" is used for talking and eating and drinking. Whether you are a guest or a guest, the traditional word "guest" will reduce the number of goods in the room. Besides, the word "bin" sounds like "bin", and guests get along well and are polite. In the process of continuous migration, Hakkas keep being guests, so the level of "being a guest" and "entertaining guests" is constantly improving. However, after Hakka people live in mountainous areas, due to the relatively closed environment, there are fewer opportunities to "be a guest" and "entertain guests", so it is easy to have more enthusiasm and less courtesy.
Hakkas must unite under the same roof to build a big family of human beings. The word "Hakka" is composed of the words "Mi" and "Ge". In addition, Hakka people migrate and live in mountainous areas, which is easy to cause the phenomenon that each occupies the mountain and each takes care of his own. Because the name of "Hakkas" is not named after the region, their unity lacks geographical cohesion. They can only rely on * * * with the Central Plains bloodline, * * with the migration fate, * * with the cultural traditions, * * with the language customs, * * with the Hakka spirit, encourage each other and work hard in various places. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the unity of Hakkas, and world hakka conference is an excellent form of Hakka unity. Being a stranger in a foreign land, treat the guests as relatives. We should not only strengthen the unity of the Hakkas, but also strengthen the unity with the people in the places where they live. Especially after China joins the WTO today, the whole world will be integrated into a global village, and the Hakkas should unite with the people all over the world to build a beautiful human family.
fourth, "guest" goes to "home"!
Hakkas are "guests" everywhere and "home" everywhere. The word "home" is interpreted in Shuowen as: "Living in a house, from the point of view of saving the sound." Home is a place to live, not only to have a house, but also to domesticate livestock, multiply population, develop production and live a happy family life. This is the most basic life that everyone wants to pursue, especially the Hakkas who are in the process of migrating. However, the Hakka people in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong have different emphases on the understanding of "home": Gannan emphasizes the feng shui hidden in the home, western Fujian emphasizes the family pedigree, and northeastern Guangdong emphasizes the decent scenery at home.
The main route for Hakkas to move south is to cross the Yangtze River, then go up the river from northern Jiangxi to southern Jiangxi through Poyang Lake and Ganjiang River. Gannan occupation